pur4404 final

what was the first black nation to achieve independence from colonial rule in sub-saharan africa?

ghana

what best characterizes pr in africa?

typically used for national public communication and nation-building campaigns

who did ghana gain independence from?

britain in 1957

what kind of time are african societies characterized by?

polychronic time

why is south africa called the "rainbow nation"?

because of its multiculturalism

are african countries typically individualist or collectivist?

collectivist

what are the challenges for PR practice in Africa?

- cultural and language differences from country to country
- internet access and infrastructure

what does the term "brown envelopism" refer to in the context of sub-saharan PR?

payments for media coverage

general shared cultural characteristics of sub-saharan africa

- high power distance
- high collectivism
- high-context communication
- polychronic time

challenges for pr in sub-saharan africa

- limited communication infrastructure
- government influence, even control over media in many countries
- complex cultural constructs
- more than 2000 languages and dialects spoken

ghana

- former british colony
- familial relationships, clan relationships highly important
- modernization challenging complex cultural mosaic
- reforms in the mid-1990s pushed by donor agencies

pr in ghana

- PRAG reorganized to IPR (non-qualified individuals cannot practice)
- focus on corporate relations
- media relations is a primary activity
- greater importance of public opinion
- lack of training
- lack of access to technology
- management function not fulfilled

south africa

- multi-cultural, multi-lingual
- leading economic poewr in region
- lingering high unemployment and poverty
- dutch and british colonial past

pr in south africa

- western influence superimposed on african cultural traditions
- professionalism more prevalent
- helping build trust, promote social progress and CSR
- well-established higher education
- PRISA

kenya

- former british colony until 1963
- unsteady democratic growth since independence
- corruption is perceived as a problem
- poverty and unemployment remain endemic

pr in kenya

- early use was to manage public opinion
- personal relationships building central to practice
- PRSK helping advance practice
- less associated with propaganda than in the past
- uni programs expanding

which latin american country was to require licenses for PR practitioners?

brazil

why don't some heads of latin american corporations want their pictures posted online?

they fear becoming victims of crime

who is mrs. juanita?

an average person

latin american "school" of PR

- an approach
- added focus on serving society
- expressed in CONFIARP's declaration of principles
- collaborative approach; practitioners as intermediaries
- stresses community interests, organizational responsibility

brazil

- largest and most populous country in south america
- peaceful transition from military to civilian rule in 1985
- vast natural resources, large labor pool
- lingering wealth disparities

pr in brazil

- substantial undergraduate and graduate education programs
- pr is "legalized"
- social concerns, environmen should be part of PR programs and campaigns

mexico

- independence from spain
- free market economy with increasingly dominant private sector
- trade with U.S. tripled since NAFTA
- economic challenges remain

pr in mexico

- growing along with nation's economy, media, infrastructure
- increasing expectation for PR as a social development
- longstanding tradition of personal contact is diminishing
- growing use of research, planning, and counsel

latin american issues (pr)

- CSR expectations on the rise
- various cultural differences
- media transforming from "pay for coverage" to ethical, objective reporting
- polychronic time (be ready to wait)

what are challenges to the pr development and practice in saudi arabia?

- low job security
- lack of training

how are arab pr models understood?

through the lens of interpersonal communication rather than through the lense of mass communication

what is one of the key pr functions in israel?

public diplomacy

why were the offices of the french magazine charlie hebdo attacked in 2015?

for publishing offensive content about the prophet mohammed and islam

the middle east

- no homgenous pattern (vast region with fractured application of PR)
- three major faith groups
- colonial history
- oil

culture of the middle east

- high power distance
- high masculinity
- vary in individualism-collectivism and uncertainty avoidance
- high-context

arab pr model

- process trumps outcome
- relationships, not persuasion
- rooted in interpersonal communication theories

arab communication patterns

- symbolism preferred over explicit language
- indirect communication pattern
- being, not doing
- repetition, imagery, non-linear arguments

saudi arabia

- oil dominates economy
- a monarcy; considerable government control
- islamic law and practice
- strict gender roles
- low individualism

pr in saudi arabia

- innovation vs tradition
- limited support from top managers
- often viewed as propaganda
- extremely limited professionalism and education
- signs of growth appearing

united arab emirates

- actively seeking international partnerships
- more open to foreign investment and tourism
- heads of state elected
- more freedom for women
- among the richest countries in the world

pr in uae

- most advanced in the region
- active mass media, but considerable govt influence
- profession is part of growth and progress
- advanced education opportunities for men and women
- lingering barriers remain

israel

- western-style nation in the midst of middle eastern culture
- state security dominates official activities
- kibbutz as a metaphor

pr in israel

- media follow western model of independence, but low sensationalism
- existence of "pirate" radio stations
- PR retains a degree of press agentry
- importance of hasbara (the effort to convey the situation to outsiders)

where is bribery still socially acceptable in poland?

- medicine
- public adminstration

what do countries in western europe score on power distance?

low in power distance

which language family dominates central and eastern europe?

slavic

four functions of pr in europe

- reflective
- managerial
- operational
- educational

functions of pr: reflective

horizon scanning and issues management

functions of pr: managerial

strategic communication; relationship building; reputation management

functions of pr: operational

technical tasks, channel development

functions of pr: educational

improving communication skills of organizational members

which area of europe is more collectivist?

southern europe

what do all central and eastern countries have in common?

shared communist past

which area of italy is more prosperous?

italian north

can you add a journalist to an email distribution list without asking?

no; due to strict privacy laws, permission is required

western european models

- risk of assuming compatability with U.S. models
- additional risk of assuming homogeneity among countries
- no agreement on the content and definition of PR

barriers to pr effectiveness in western europe

- not fully appreciated by management
- confused/blended with marketing and advertising
- limited academic infrastructure for study and scholarship

paradoxes of european PR

- european
- practice
- conceptual
- theoretical

european paradox

recognition of need for European PR models, but continued reliance on U.S. model

practice paradox

desire for professional respect, but client expectations are limited in scope and vision

conceptual paradox

avoidance of the term "public relations"

theoretical paradox

desire for focused research, but unsure of nature of that research

cultural characteristics of europe

- below average power distance
- high individualism
- collectivism in southern europe
- masculinity-femininity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation vary
- generally low-context

germany

- leading european economy
- social market economy
- highly skilled labor force
- products associated with quality, durability, reliability
- representative democracy
- enjoys press freedom

pr in germany

- few practitioners with formal education in PR, but new academic programs emerging
- citizens pay considerable attention to radio and newspapers
- encouraging trend toward recognition of strategic value of PR to organizations

general characteristics of central and eastern europe

- somewhat apathetic society as a result of communism
- distrustful of govt
- media may still be viewed as propaganda channel

context for pr in central and eastern europe

- unique circumstances of nations
- new states but old cultures
- pr linked with propaganda
- high company progile brings risks

role of pr in central and eastern europe

- distinguish present from past
- help establish national role in intl community
- help re-establish national identities
- explain benefits of capitalism

status of pr in central and eastern europe

- rapid growth
- more generalists; specialization slow to emerge
- establishment of professional associations, but little cooperation among them
- csr not seen as important responsibility

hungary

- transition to limited market economy
- pr applied tentatively to socialism in 1970s
- considerable formation of pr practice since 90s

status of pr in hungary

- nearing or has achieved saturation
- 300+ members of pr association
- still focused on image and market position of companies, but building trust a significant factor

pr environment in hungary

- media not as objective, independent, or professional
- media characteried by foreign ownership
- newspaper readership diminishing
- web use increasingly popular

russia

- 140+ million people
- more than 30 languages
- wide range of faiths
- striving to re-establish prominence in global community

pr environment in russia

- golden age of the free press of the 90s replaced by strengthened central control
- newspaper circulation dramatically down
- pay for media coverage (zakazukha/djinsa)
- internet seen as counterbalance

status of pr in russia

- influenced by western models but varies regionally
- glasnost and perestroika provided seedbed for practice
- originally was used in politics
- "black pr" -> manipulative methods
- higher education courses and programs fairly widespread

guanxi

the system of social networks and influential relationships that facilitate business and other dealings

which brand took advantage of the fact that it sounded similar to the Japanese phrase that meant "you will surely win"?

kit-kat

what played a positive role in pr history in china?

the SARS epidemic

what are countries in south asian region characteried by?

recent colonial past

which event triggered the rethinking stage in the development of public relations in China?

the protests at tiananmen square

what were pr practitioners in india viewed as, historically?

fixers

what two countries were one in the 1960s?

malaysia and singapore

broad cultural profile in asia

- individuals practice in fewer but more complex social networks
- high-context cultures
- high collectivism
- long-term orientation

india

- second most populous country
- independence from britain in 1947
- rapid development
- stress on education and technology
- growing middle class
- vast, independent mass media

india's pr history

- early "fixers" sometimes used questionable methods
- disseminate information
- mobilized public opinion to support war effort
- increased professionalism beginning in the 60s

pr in india

- more technicians than managers
- pr equated with marketing and advertising
- more press agentry that strategic communication
- interpersonal relationships dominate

malaysia

- transitioning from developing to industrialized
- mix of ethnic groups
- several religious groups
- colonial rule followed by japanese occupation
- british rule, independence in 1957

malaysia pr history

- nation-building campaigns (rukunegara)
- early private sector's efforts characteried as government relations
- govt controls media through annual licensing
- pr profession still striving to win recognition

singapore

- colonial history linked to malaysia
- independence in 1965
- small territory, but considerable economic impact
- cultural diversity creates challenge of finding shared values

pr in singapore

- roots in journalism
- moving toward management function as economy grows
- affected by govt control of media
- still focused on mass media

china

- communist model, but gradual decentralization of authority
- strong economic growth
- pragmatic development; planned privatization
- poverty in rural areas
- ongoing central govt management of economy
- tightly controlled media

pr in china

- trend toward transparency
- growing media freedom; new media
- expanding intl business
- emerging public advocacy
- professionalization of PR

japan

- western democracy, imperial tradition
- end of "lifetime" employment, consumer complacency, quiet stakeholders
- wa (collectivism, harmony, and concord)
- high-context
- hierarchical culture with consensual decision-making style

pr in japan

- print media strength; strong newspaper circulation
- media family owned
- no "watchdog" role
- rooted in propaganda (pre-ww2)
- lingering association with media relations
- promising growth in specialized counsel
- growing recognition of value of 2-way communication

south korea

- consolidating economy and democracy
- government-business partnerships
- strong confucian influence; considerable christian presence
- high power distance
- high collectivism
- high-context
- emphasis on interpersonal communication

pr in south korea

- PR introduced post-ww2 by U.S. military
- hong bo = pr (publicizing widely)
- substantial presence of global firms
- established professional orgs and publications
- higher education programs
- advanced employment of new communication tech
- not fully appreciated

power distance

the extent to which less powerful members within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally

kinesics

gestures, body movements, facial expressions, and eye contact

soft power

ability to influence through attraction rather than coercion or payment

chronemics

the use of time

occulesics

the study of communication by eye contact

types of NGOs

- advocacy, assistance and pro-bono services (e.g. Amnesty International)
- associations and commissions (World Justice project, International Bar Association)
- institutions and centers of excellence (African Institute of Capacity Development)
- foundations and charities (The Gates Foundation)

uncertainty avoidance

the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations

factors defining a country's soft power

- foreign policies
- political values
- culture