Studied by 2 peopleBiological psychology
How anatomy and physiology impacts behavior
Behavioral genetics approach
How certain behaviors are a result of specific genetically inherited psychological characteristics
Behavioralist approach
Study of observable behavior(doesn’t include mind)
Classical conditioning
conditioned stimulus is being associated with another, unconditioned, stimulus often resulting in a behavior developing
Operant conditioning
subject begins associating behavior with a consequence/outcome
Cognitive psychology
To understand one’s behavior, you must understand how they think
humanistic approach
study of consciousness, free will, and awareness. Developed to address dissatisfaction that mind is not being considered in the behavioralist approach
Abraham Maslow
Proposed self-actualization
self-actualization
an individuals need to reach their full potentials(self-improvement)
Carl Rogers
emphasized unconditional positive regard is necessary for self-actualization
unconditional positive regard
complete acceptance and support no matter what that person does
Conscious mind
mental state of awareness and processes we have access to
unconscious mind
mental processes we dont have access to/control but can still influence our behavior, feelings, and thoughts/actions
psychoanalytic approach
that early childhood experiences and child’s relationship w/ their parents impacts their development of behavior and personality
psychoanalytic approach in therapy
resolving unconscious, unresolved conflicts through finding what is repressed in the unconscious
Sociocultural approach
environment of a person and how it affects their behavior, thought processes, and how others perceive that behavior
Evolutionary approach
how our behavior adapts to our survival (Ex. fear)
biopsychosocial approach
investigating biological, psychological, and social factors that affect our behavior and mental processes
Rene Descartes
Belived physical world and animals are machines except for humans bc we have consciousness; created dualism
dualism
belief that mind and body rely on one another because body sends sensory input to let mind decipher while the mind gives isntructions to body
John Locke
Descartes law extended to mind is also under natural laws
structuralism
idea proposed by Wundt that the mind operates by combining subjective emotions and objective sensations; aimed to uncover the basic structures that make up mind and thought
introspection
first began in laboratory set up by Wilhelm Wundt; process of reporting on one's own conscious mental experiences
Wilhelm Wundt
set up first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879; known for training subjects in introspection and for his theory of structuralism
Margaret Floy Washburn
first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology
William James
published The Principles of Psychology, the science's first textbook; responsible for theory of functionalism
Mary Whiton Calkins
studied with William James and went on to become president of the American Psychological Association
G. Stanley Hall
student of William James who pioneered he study of child development and was the first president of the APA
Gestalt psychology
theory that states that the whole experience is often more than just the sum of the parts, because the way we experience the world is more than just an accumulation of various perceptual experiences; relatively little influence on current psychology
Max Wertheimer
Gestalt psychologist who argued against dividing human thought and behavior into discrete structures
Sigmund Freud
revolutionized psychology with his psychoanalytic theory; believed the unconscious mind must be examined through dream analysis, word association, and other psychoanalytic therapy techniques; criticized for being unscientific and creating unverifiable theories
John Watson
psychologist who believed the science must limit itself to observable phenomena; wanted to establish behaviorism as the dominant paradigm of psychology
B. F. Skinner
behaviorist who expanded the basic ideas of behaviorism to include the idea of reinforcement- environmental stimuli that either encourage or discourage certain responses
Jean Piaget
came up with a cognitive developmental theory, which focuses on how our cognitions develop in stages as we mature
developmental perspective
modern psychological perspective emphasizing that change occurs across a lifespan; focus has shifted over recent years to teens and adults
trait view
modern psychological perspective that views behavior and personality as the products of enduring psychological characteristics
operational definitions
a researcher's explanation how the variable of an experiment will be measured
basic research
explores questions that are of interest to psychologists but are not intended to have immediate, real-world applications; also referred to as experimental psychology
participant-relevant confounding variables
when groups are not randomly assigned during an experiment; increases the chance of participants in the two groups differ in any meaningful way
situation-relevant confounding variables
when the situations into which the different groups of an experiment are put are not truly equivalent; can create invalid experiment results due to the situation rather than the independent variable
experimenter bias
the unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the experimental and control groups differently to increase the chance of confirming their hypothesis
double-blind procedure
when neither the participants nor the researcher are able to affect the outcome of the research
demand characteristics
cues about the purpose of the study; participants use such cues to try to respond appropriately, skewing the validity of the experiment
Dorothea Dix
advocate for mental illness rights and helped found the first mental hospital in the US
biological domain
ex. effect of biological factors(such as effect of drugs) on behavior
social domain
effect of behaviors on relationships (ex. relationship between drugs users andtheir famileis)
clinical domain
ex. treatment options for behavioral issues
Cognitive domain
ex. how they think in order to justify their behavior
counseling
ex. method therapist chooses to help their client
developmental domain
ex. how does one’s age/childhood affect their behavior or when are they most susceptible to certain behaviors
educational domain
ex. behaviors relating to education
experimental domain
relating to experiments
industrial organizational domains
relating to work places
personality domain
relating to personality
positive domain
positive aspects and strengths of human behavior
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