AP Psych Unit 1

vocab

Biological psychology

How anatomy and physiology impacts behavior

Behavioral genetics approach

How certain behaviors are a result of specific genetically inherited psychological characteristics

Behavioralist approach

Study of observable behavior(doesn’t include mind)

Classical conditioning

conditioned stimulus is being associated with another, unconditioned, stimulus often resulting in a behavior developing

Operant conditioning

subject begins associating behavior with a consequence/outcome

Cognitive psychology

To understand one’s behavior, you must understand how they think

humanistic approach

study of consciousness, free will, and awareness. Developed to address dissatisfaction that mind is not being considered in the behavioralist approach

Abraham Maslow

Proposed self-actualization

self-actualization

an individuals need to reach their full potentials(self-improvement)

Carl Rogers

emphasized unconditional positive regard is necessary for self-actualization

unconditional positive regard

complete acceptance and support no matter what that person does

Conscious mind

mental state of awareness and processes we have access to

unconscious mind

mental processes we dont have access to/control but can still influence our behavior, feelings, and thoughts/actions

psychoanalytic approach

that early childhood experiences and child’s relationship w/ their parents impacts their development of behavior and personality

psychoanalytic approach in therapy

resolving unconscious, unresolved conflicts through finding what is repressed in the unconscious

Sociocultural approach

environment of a person and how it affects their behavior, thought processes, and how others perceive that behavior

Evolutionary approach

how our behavior adapts to our survival (Ex. fear)

biopsychosocial approach

investigating biological, psychological, and social factors that affect our behavior and mental processes

Rene Descartes

Belived physical world and animals are machines except for humans bc we have consciousness; created dualism

dualism

belief that mind and body rely on one another because body sends sensory input to let mind decipher while the mind gives isntructions to body

John Locke

Descartes law extended to mind is also under natural laws

structuralism

idea proposed by Wundt that the mind operates by combining subjective emotions and objective sensations; aimed to uncover the basic structures that make up mind and thought

introspection

first began in laboratory set up by Wilhelm Wundt; process of reporting on one's own conscious mental experiences

Wilhelm Wundt

set up first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879; known for training subjects in introspection and for his theory of structuralism

Margaret Floy Washburn

first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology

William James

published The Principles of Psychology, the science's first textbook; responsible for theory of functionalism

Mary Whiton Calkins

studied with William James and went on to become president of the American Psychological Association

G. Stanley Hall

student of William James who pioneered he study of child development and was the first president of the APA

Gestalt psychology

theory that states that the whole experience is often more than just the sum of the parts, because the way we experience the world is more than just an accumulation of various perceptual experiences; relatively little influence on current psychology

Max Wertheimer

Gestalt psychologist who argued against dividing human thought and behavior into discrete structures

Sigmund Freud

revolutionized psychology with his psychoanalytic theory; believed the unconscious mind must be examined through dream analysis, word association, and other psychoanalytic therapy techniques; criticized for being unscientific and creating unverifiable theories

John Watson

psychologist who believed the science must limit itself to observable phenomena; wanted to establish behaviorism as the dominant paradigm of psychology

B. F. Skinner

behaviorist who expanded the basic ideas of behaviorism to include the idea of reinforcement- environmental stimuli that either encourage or discourage certain responses

Jean Piaget

came up with a cognitive developmental theory, which focuses on how our cognitions develop in stages as we mature

developmental perspective

modern psychological perspective emphasizing that change occurs across a lifespan; focus has shifted over recent years to teens and adults

trait view

modern psychological perspective that views behavior and personality as the products of enduring psychological characteristics

operational definitions

a researcher's explanation how the variable of an experiment will be measured

basic research

explores questions that are of interest to psychologists but are not intended to have immediate, real-world applications; also referred to as experimental psychology

participant-relevant confounding variables

when groups are not randomly assigned during an experiment; increases the chance of participants in the two groups differ in any meaningful way

situation-relevant confounding variables

when the situations into which the different groups of an experiment are put are not truly equivalent; can create invalid experiment results due to the situation rather than the independent variable

experimenter bias

the unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the experimental and control groups differently to increase the chance of confirming their hypothesis

double-blind procedure

when neither the participants nor the researcher are able to affect the outcome of the research

demand characteristics

cues about the purpose of the study; participants use such cues to try to respond appropriately, skewing the validity of the experiment

Dorothea Dix

advocate for mental illness rights and helped found the first mental hospital in the US

biological domain

ex. effect of biological factors(such as effect of drugs) on behavior

social domain

effect of behaviors on relationships (ex. relationship between drugs users andtheir famileis)

clinical domain

ex. treatment options for behavioral issues

Cognitive domain

ex. how they think in order to justify their behavior

counseling

ex. method therapist chooses to help their client

developmental domain

ex. how does one’s age/childhood affect their behavior or when are they most susceptible to certain behaviors

educational domain

ex. behaviors relating to education

experimental domain

relating to experiments

industrial organizational domains

relating to work places

personality domain

relating to personality

positive domain

positive aspects and strengths of human behavior