IB Bio Carbs and Lipids B1.1

Condensation Reactions

A reaction combining two molecules and releasing a water molecule, often used to produce macromolecule polymers.

Hydrolysis Reactions

Reactions involving the addition of a water molecule to break down large molecules into monomers.

Monomers

Molecules that join together to form polymers.

Polymers

Large molecules built by linking monomers together.

Macromolecules

Large molecules formed by polymerization, such as proteins and nucleic acids.

Glucose

A monosaccharide used as an example to illustrate properties of monosaccharides, including solubility, transportability, and energy yield.

Amylose and Amylopectin

Polysaccharides found in starch.

Cellulose

A structural polysaccharide in plants.

Amino Acid

Monomers that form polypeptides and proteins.

Nucleotide

Monomers that make up polynucleotides like DNA and RNA.

Triglyceride

A lipid formed by condensation reactions of fatty acids and glycerol.

Fats and Oils

Common forms of lipids used for energy storage and structural purposes.

Carbohydrates

Contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as water (2:1) and can release energy in the animal body.

Pentose Sugars

Monosaccharides with 5 carbons, such as ribose and deoxyribose.

Hexose Sugars

Monosaccharides with 6 carbons, like glucose.

Alpha Glucose

Glucose structure where the hydroxyl group on carbon-1 is below the plane of the ring.

Beta Glucose

Glucose structure where the hydroxyl group on carbon-1 is above the plane of the ring.

Starch

Energy storage polysaccharide in plants, composed of amylose and amylopectin.

Amylose

Component of starch with long chains of alpha glucose and bonds between carbon-1 and carbon-4.

Amylopectin

Component of starch with long chains of alpha glucose, branching at every 20th glucose molecule.

Glycogen

Polysaccharide for short-term energy storage in animals, with many branches of alpha glucose chains.

Glycoproteins

Integral proteins in cell membranes with attached carbohydrates, important for cell recognition.

ABO Blood Groups

Classification of blood based on the presence of antigens A and B on red blood cells.

Blood Type

Antigens present: A and B. Antibodies present: No antibodies.

Hydrophobic properties of lipids

Lipids are substances that dissolve in non-polar solvents but are only sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. They include fats, oils, waxes, and steroids.

Formation of triglycerides and phospholipids by condensation reactions

Triglycerides are composed of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules. Phospholipids are composed of one glycerol molecule, two fatty acids, and one phosphate.

Difference between saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds, monounsaturated have one, and polyunsaturated have more than one double bond. Saturated fatty acids have higher melting points.

Triglycerides in adipose tissues for energy storage and thermal insulation

Triglycerides are used for long-term energy storage and thermal insulation. They store more energy than carbohydrates and can be broken down to produce ATP.

Formation of phospholipid bilayers as a consequence of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

Phospholipids are amphipathic, with hydrophobic fatty acid tails and hydrophilic phosphate heads. They form bilayers in water.

Ability of non-polar steroids to pass through the phospholipid bilayer

Steroids like oestradiol and testosterone can pass through the bilayer due to their hydrophobic nature. They have a characteristic shape with four carbon rings and a hydrocarbon chain.

Oestradiol and Testosterone

Oestradiol and testosterone are steroid hormones that can diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer due to being nonpolar and hydrophobic.

Compounds synthesized by living organisms accumulate and become carbon sinks

Compounds synthesized by living organisms can accumulate and become carbon sinks through processes like photosynthesis and carbon sequestration.

Roles of oxidation and reduction in biological systems

Oxidation involves the loss of electrons, while reduction involves gaining electrons. These processes are essential in cellular respiration and energy production.