Neuroscience of Motor Control: Brain Structures, Pathways, and Reflexes

What is the role of the frontal lobe in motor function?

It is involved in planning movements and contains the primary motor cortex.

What is the function of the supplementary motor area?

It is responsible for motor memory and automating patterns of movements.

How does the thalamus interact with the motor cortex?

The thalamus stimulates the motor cortex, while the globus pallidus inhibits the thalamus.

What neurotransmitter is associated with inhibitory neurons in motor control?

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

What is the role of the cerebellum in movement?

It receives proprioceptive information and coordinates movement.

Where is the cell body of the alpha motor neuron located?

In the ventral (anterior) grey horn of the spinal cord.

What is the pathway of the alpha motor neuron to the muscle?

The axon travels through the ventral root, spinal nerve, and peripheral nerves to innervate muscle fibers.

What is somatotopic organization in the spinal cord?

Medial areas control axial muscles, while lateral areas control appendicular muscles.

What are the major plexuses in the peripheral nervous system?

Cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses.

What distinguishes the direct pathway from the indirect pathway in motor control?

The direct pathway goes from the motor cortex to skeletal muscle, while the indirect pathway involves brainstem to muscle connections.

What is the corticospinal tract?

A direct pyramidal pathway from the motor cortex to the spinal cord.

What is the function of the vestibulospinal tracts?

They help maintain balance and posture.

What is the reflex arc?

The pathway that mediates a reflex action, involving a receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, and effector.

What is the difference between monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes?

Monosynaptic reflexes involve one synapse, while polysynaptic reflexes involve one or more interneurons.

What is the patellar stretch reflex?

A reflex involving the muscle spindle as the receptor and the quadriceps as the effector.

What is the role of the golgi tendon organ?

It prevents over-contraction of muscles.

What is dyskinesia?

Atypical or unconscious movements that are not intended.

What is akinesia?

Atypical or unconscious postures that are not intended.

What is a common condition associated with hypokinetic disorders?

Parkinson's disease.

What is the effect of a spinal cord injury on motor function?

Paralysis occurs, with the extent depending on the injury's location.

What is hypotonia?

A lack of muscle tone often associated with lower motor neuron injury.

What is spasticity?

Increased muscle tone leading to stiff or tight muscles.

What is non-fluent aphasia?

An inability to produce language, often due to stroke.