Cardiovascular

Fun Facts

1) heart is a hollow muscular organ roughly the size of your fist (+) and weighs less than 1-lb
2) fully developed about 8 weeks after conception (begin beating at 4 weeks)
3) every minute the heart pumps our entire supply of blood through the body. about 5 quarts
4) women have faster heart beats than men
5) normal pulse is 70 heart beats per minute

Pulse points

Label:
-Dorsalis pedis artery
-brachial artery
-popliteal artery
-temporal artery
-radial artery
-posterior tibial artery
-carotid artery
-femoral artery
-facial artery

Function

To deliver O2 and nutrients and to remove CO2 and other waste products

Heart anatomy- Location

-Medially in the thoracic cavity
-Pointed tip (apex) directed toward left hip
*the apex is 9cm to the left of the midsternal line

Heart anatomy- coverings

1) outer coverings
- pericardium- a double membrane, protective sac around the heart
visceral pericardium- inner layer
parietal pericardium- outside layer
-serous fluid fills the space between pericardium layers
2) inner coverings
-walls of the heart are made of 3 layers of tissue
outer layer--> epitheal tissue... called epicardium
middle layer--> cardiac muscle tissue... called endocardium
inner layer--> epitheal tissue... called endocardium

Heart anatomy- chambers

1. Atria- the top chambers (receiving)
2. Ventricles- bottome chambers (the actual "pumps" in the heart)

Valves

1) Bicuspid valve (Mitral valve) - left side
- Atrioventricular - between atria and ventricles
2) Tricuspid vlve - right side
- Atrioventricular - between atria and ventricles
3) Pulmonary Semilunar valve
- Semilunar valves - between ventricle and artery
4) Aortic Semilunar valve
- Semilunar valves - between ventricle and artery

#1 and #2 prevent backflow into atria
#3 and #4 prevent backflow into ventricle
-held in place by chordae tendineae - "heart strings"

Biological valve (human or porcine) and Mechanical valve

-Porcine - pig -Bovine - cow
-Biological needs future replacement and does NOT require blood thinners (10-15 years)
-Mechanical lasts forever BUT requires use of blood thinners

Vessels

1. Vena cavas- superior and inferior
-brings deoxygenated blood from the body tissues back to the heart
2. Pulmonary arteries
-carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart and to the lungs
3. Pulmonary veins
-brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
4. Aorta
-carries oxygenated blood away from the heart and to the body tissues
-size of a garden hose

*arteries carry blood away from the heart
*veins carry blood tot he heart

Exterior heart diagram

Label:
-Apex
-Right ventricle
-Left coronary artery
-Left common carotid artery
-Superior vena cava
-inferior vena cava
-Brachiocephalic artery
-right pulmonary artery
-left subclavian artery
-left ventricle
-right atrium
-left atrium
-right pulmonary veins
-ascending aorta
-pulmonary trunk
-aortic arch
-left pulmonary artery
-left pulmonary veins
-great cardiac vein

interior heart diagram

Label:
-Aorta
-Mitral valve
-left atrium
-left pulmonary artery
-tricuspid valve
-left pulmonary artery
-aortic semilunar valve
-left ventricle
-papillary muscle
-interventricular septum
-myocardium
-apex
-inferior vena cava
-chordae tendineae
-right ventricle
-right pulmonary artery
-fossa ovalis
-right pulmonary veins
-right atrium
-bicuspid valve
-superior vena cava

Circulation-Pulmonary

path
-right side of heart --> lungs --> left side of heart
function
-carry blood to the lungs for gas exchange
*right ventricle = pulmonary pump

Circulation- systemic

path
-left side of heart --> body tissues --> right side of heart
function
-supply oxygen and nutrients rich blood to all body systems
*left ventricle = systemic pump

Circulation-cardiac

-blood in heart chambers does not nourish the myocardium
-heart has its own nourishing circulatory system
-coronary arteries
-cardias veins

the path of the blood through the heart

Vena cavas
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valve
right and left pulmonary arteries
lungs
right and left pulmonary veins
left atrium
mitral valve
left ventricle
aortic semilunar valve
aorta
body tissues

Heart surgery- heart-lung machine

Cardio-pulmonary bypass

Heart surgery- body cooling

More time for surgery without causing brain damage (56 degrees.... approx. 4-6 hours)

Heart surgery- KCI injections

Paralyzes the heart muscle, temporarily

heart surgery- artificial heart transplant

Dr. robert jarvik began in mid 70s; success in 1982

Heart physiology

Intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)

Nodes

specialized tissue that functions as both muscle and nervous tissue; contracts like muscle tissue and generates impulses like nervous tissue

LABEL
nodes on internal heart

1) Sinoatrial Node (pacemaker)
2) Atrioventricular node (Av node)
3) AV bundle (Bundle of His)
4) Bundle branches
5) Purkinje fibers
6) right atrium
7) left atrium
8) interventricular system
9) superior vena cava

path for the transmission of an impulse in the intrinsic conduction system of the heart

sinoatrial node--> atrioventriular node--> atrioventricular bundle--> right and left bundle branches--> purkinje fibers

electrocardiogram

= EKG/ECG --> maps the electrical activity of the heart

cardiac cycle

events of one complete heartbeat (.8s)

Polarization

refers to the heart at rest. no impulse, no stimulation, no contraction and no measurable activity

Depolarization

another word for the discharge of electrical energy or the activity of the heart during the impulse that causes contraction but not the contraction itself can by measured by ECG

repolarization

the electrical recovery of the heart as the cells recharge themselves

3 main EKG waves

1) P wave: represents depolarization of both atria
2) QRS wave: represents ventricular depolarization
3) T wave: ventricular repolarization
ST segment: important in identifying pathology such as myocardial infarctions (elevations) and ischemia (depressions)

when does atrial repolarization take place?

QRS segment

LABEL EKG wave

1) p wave
2) t wave
3) QRS complex
4) atrial depolarization
5) atria contract
6) ventricular depolarization
7) atrial repolarization
8) ventricle contract
9) ventricular repolarization
10) polarization
11) Time (s)
12) electrical potential (m)

Systole
Diastole

Systole= contraction
Diastole= relaxation

Cardiac sounds

LUB
-closing of AV valves
DUB
-closing of SL valves

irregularity of the hearts

Arrhythmia- irregular heart beat
heart murmur- extra heart beat
fibrillation- rapid, irregular, and unsynchronized
bradycardia- below 60
tachycardia- above 100
arteriosclerosis- build up of fat/plaque on the artery wall

Difibulator

Machine used to stop the heart

composition of blood vessels

Heart->arteries->arterioles->capillary beds->venules->veins->heart and repeat

three layers of blood vessels (tunics)

1) tunica interna- endothelium (ET)
2) tunica media- smooth muscle tissue (MT)
3) tunica externa- mostly fibrous connective tissue (CT)

Arteries

-narrow lumen
-more muscle/elastic tissue
-transports blood under higher pressure
-do not have valves (except the SL valves)
-carry oxygenated blood

Veins

-wide lumens
-less muscle/elastic tissue
-transports blood under lower pressure
-have valves throughout the main veins of the body
-carry deoxygenated blood

Sphincters

loose= red like juice (red)
tight= really really white (pale)

Renal

=kidney

Hep

=Liver

LABEL Artery man

common carotid
subclavian
aortic arch
coronary
thoracic aorta
renal
radial
ulnar
deep femoral
internal carotid
external carotid
vertebral
brachiocephalic
axillary
ascending aorta
brachial
abdominal aorta
common iliac
external iliac
internal iliac
digital
femoral
popliteal
anterior tibial
posterior tibial

LABEL vein man

subclavian
brachiocephalic
cephalic
brachial
renal
external jugular
vertebral
internal jugular
superior vena cava
axillary
great cardiac
hepatic
inferior vena cava
ulnar
radial
common iliac
external iliac
internal iliac
digital
femoral
great saphenous
popliteal
posterior tibial
anterior tibial

pressure points

- pulse- pressure wave of blood
- monitored at "pressure points" where pulse is easily palpated

recording blood pressure

-measurements by health professionals are made on the pressure in large arteries

systolic

pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction (norm=120)

diastolic

pressure when ventricles relax (norm=80)

Steps for taking blood pressure

Normal blood pressure

110-140mm Hg systolic
75-80mm Hg diastolic

Hypotension blood pressure

low systolic (below 110mm Hg)
-often associated with illness (heat=vasodilation)

Hypertension blood pressure

high systolic (above 140mm Hg)
-can be dangerous if it is chronic

Blood pressure effects

-temperature
-chemicals
-diet

LABEL vessel compositions

1) epithelial tissue
2) smooth muscle tissue
3) fibrous connective tissue

what blood vessel has the highest blood pressure

aorta

during cardio-pulmonary bypass, what vessels are clamped?

-superior vena cava
-aorta
-inferior vena cava

what vessels are part of cardiac circulation

-coronary sinus
-cardiac vein
-coronary artery

what vessel receives blood during right ventricular systole:

pulmonary trunk