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epilimnion
upper layer, warmer, higher dissolved o2, circulation/mixing, photosynthesis
metalimnion
middle layer, temperature change
thermocline
temperature gradient in metalimnion
hypolimnion
bottom layer, colder, less dissolved o2, decomp of built up organic matter, little light, little mixing (in lakes)
water is most dense at
4 C
lotic system
continuously flowing water
low order river
lots of flow, rapid/steep
high order river
lots of water, less rapid, sediments settle, deltas
3 river shapes
straight, sinuous, meandering
headwaters
source, high order, rapids, swift, erosional
lower reaches
slower, depositional, low order
loosing stream
lower water table
gaining stream
higher water table
allochthonous
external, leaf litter
autochthonous
internal, photosynthesis
wind seiche
wind makes water surface uneven
oligotrophic
low nutrients, rocky, clear water, pine and birch
mesotrophic
moderate productivity, some algae, deciduous trees
eutrophic
shallow, murky water, prairie, very productive
average ocean salinity
35 ppt
strongest tide
new moon spring tide
tidal bore
swelling of water into an area by a tide; bay of fundy
coriolis
to the right in N, to the left in S
winds in N hemisphere
polar easterlies, westerlies, tradewinds, ITCZ
ekman spiral
dif layers move in dif directions basically
ecotone
transition zone, spatial and/or functional, possibly unstable
wetlands
soil is perm or seasonally saturated, impacted by groundwater and aboveground flow, not always w open water
bogs
precipitation dominated, no open water, peat and sphagnum moss, acidic, low nutrients, low biodiversity, higher elevations with permafrost under
vernal pools, wet meadows, wet prairies, prairie potholes
precipitation dominated, interannual variation in precip, depressions formed following glaciation, important habitat for 50% of NA migratory waterfowl
fens
groundwater dominated, gets water and nutrients from ground. less acidic, higher nutrients and biodiversity than bogs, mostly N hemisphere
marshes
usually surface water dominated, often open water w emergent vegetation, high nutrients, neutral ph, high biodiversity, tidal freshwater marshes levels are influenced by tides
wetland functions
reduce water flow (flood prevention), groundwater recharge, nutrient transformation (nitrification, removal of phosphates, carbon storage, etc)
emergent wetland flora
growing out from water
3 types of wetland flora
emergent, floating, submerged
wetland fauna
many niches, permanent and transient species
estuaries
semi enclosed coastal embayment w river discharge, where freshwater meets saltwater
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zonation factors
desiccation, competition/predation, salt spray, wave energy