Chapter 6 Video Notes

Average human body

Contains 206 bones.

Axial Bones

80 bones found along the vertical axis, includes skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

Appendicular Bones

Bones that help in movement, making up limbs that attach to the axial skeleton.

Long Bones

Examples include tibia, fibula, metacarpals.

Short Bones

Examples include talus, scaphoid.

Flat Bones

Examples include sternum, scapula.

Irregular Bones

Examples include vertebrae, pelvis.

Compact Bone

Dense, smooth external layer of the bone.

Spongy Bone

Bone tissue that resembles honeycomb.

Trabeculae

Structures in spongy bone that resist stress and contain bone marrow.

Red Bone Marrow

Produces red blood cells.

Yellow Bone Marrow

Stores energy and fat.

Epiphyses

Flared ends of long bones where spongy bone and red marrow are concentrated.

Osteons

Cylindrical structures that run parallel to the bone's axis.

Lamellae

Pages of osteons filled with collagen fibers.

Central Canal

Holds nerves and blood vessels in an osteon.

Lacunae

Little gaps in bone where osteocytes reside.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that monitor and maintain the bone matrix.

Osteoblasts

Bone-building cells that produce new bone.

Osteoclasts

Bone-breaking cells that resorb old bone.

Bone Remodeling

Process of breaking down and rebuilding bone tissue.

Resorption

Cleaning out of old bone tissue by osteoclasts.

Apoptosis in Osteoclasts

Self-destruction of osteoclasts to prevent further damage.

Gravity's Effect on Bone Health

In low gravity, osteoclast activity increases, while osteoblast activity decreases.

Bone Matrix

The intercellular substance of bone tissue.

Skeletal System

Framework consisting of bones and other supporting structures.

Growth Plate

Area of growing tissue near the ends of long bones.

Nutrient Arteries

Blood vessels that supply nutrients to the bone.

Bone Density

A measure of the amount of mineral matter per square centimeter of bones.

Calcium Phosphate

Mineral that gives bones strength and structure.

Skeletal Traction

A technique using weights to align broken bones.

Biomechanics of Bone

The study of mechanical properties of bone.

Athlete's Bone Adaptation

The way bone structures change due to repetitive stress.

Mineralization

The process of deposition of minerals in bone.

Skeletal Growth Factors

Biological factors that influence growth and maintenance of bones.