Behavioral Neuroscience Test

The incidence of schizophrenia in the world population is approximately __________ percent.

A) 0.1

B) 1

C) 2.5

D) 5

B

Which statement is true of schizophrenia?

A) Schizophrenia is not a serious mental disorder.

B) The term means "split mind."

C) The incidence of schizophrenia is about 15 percent of the world population.

D) The term means "split personality."

B

Children who later in life develop schizophrenia are more likely to show __________ in movies recorded earlier in their childhood.

A) more sociability

B) euphoria

C) less sociability

D) less overall activity

C

Which of the following would be a possible indicator of Jaeline's future diagnosis of schizophrenia?

A) thin-set eyes

B) a short, round tongue

C) symmetrical ears

D) partial webbing of the two middle toes

D

A __________ is to a belief that is contrary to fact as a __________ is to perceptions of stimuli that are not actually there.

A) delusion; hallucination

B) hallucination; episode

C) episode; delusion

D) hallucination; delusion

A

Jemutai's belief that alien forces are attempting to manipulate her movements is likely a delusion of __________.

A) persecution

B) paranoid

C) grandeur

D) control

D

A homeless person who believes that he is the president of the United States is most likely suffering from a delusion of __________.

A) perception

B) control

C) grandeur

D) paranoia

C

The major types of symptoms noted in schizophrenia include __________.

A) positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive symptoms

B) hallucinations and social withdrawal

C) thought disorder and impaired language ability

D) delusions and hallucinations

A

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia __________.

A) are associated with low levels of brain dopamine activity

B) usually require long hospital terms to treat

C) represent the absence or diminution of normal behaviors

D) indicate that the patient cannot accurately perceive reality

C

An example of a positive symptom of schizophrenia is __________.

A) anxiety

B) flat mood

C) social withdrawal

D) intense euphoria

D

An example of a negative symptom of schizophrenia is __________.

A) poor abstract thinking

B) the inability to experience pleasure

C) an auditory hallucination

D) low psychomotor speed

B

Siddig would be classified as having negative symptoms of schizophrenia if he __________.

A) heard voices that repeat senseless words and phrases

B) experienced a feeling of euphoria at the start of an episode

C) believed that doctors are part of a plot to poison him

D) exhibited flattened emotional expression

D

An example of a cognitive symptom of schizophrenia would be __________.

A) anxiety

B) difficulty in eye tracking

C) deficits in learning and memory

D) delusion

C

Which statement about the genetic basis of schizophrenia is true?

A) Adoption studies indicate no biological basis for schizophrenia.

B) The concordance rate for schizophrenia is higher for dizygotic than for monozygotic twins.

C) A person with a "schizophrenia gene" will always develop schizophrenia.

D) Genes impart a susceptibility to develop schizophrenia

D

The likelihood that a child born to two schizophrenic parents will become schizophrenic is less than 50 percent. This suggests that __________.

A) schizophrenia is not produced by a single gene

B) schizophrenia is a metabolic disorder

C) schizophrenia is produced by a single dominant gene

D) schizophrenia is associated with infertility

A

Which of the following is an "environmental" factor that interacts with genetics for the development of schizophrenia?

A) whether or not the twins were exposed to high levels of lead

B) whether or not the mother consumed a high-fat diet during pregnancy

C) whether identical twins shared the same or different placentas

D) whether the pregnancy occurred on the East Coast or West Coast of the United States

C

Which of the following is known to increase the risk of schizophrenia?

A) being born before a long flu season

B) being born during the late summer

C) being born in a southern latitude

D) having a monochorionic twin who is schizophrenic

D

The term "seasonality effect" describes the observation that __________.

A) people born during late winter and early spring are more likely to develop schizophrenia

B) schizophrenic symptoms intensify during the summer

C) the rate of admissions to hospitals for schizophrenia is highest in the winter

D) the rate of admissions to hospitals for schizophrenia is lowest in the winter

A

Which statement is true of the seasonality effect?

A) Schizophrenia is more likely to occur in a person born in June, July, and August.

B) The seasonality effect is lower in rural settings than in urban settings.

C) The seasonality effect is mostly due to a mother's indoor smoking during the winter.

D) The seasonality effect is enhanced when fall temperatures are higher than normal.

B

Which of the following is most likely to be associated with the development of schizophrenia?

A) being born into an affluent family

B) having a young father

C) being born five months after a major flu epidemic

D) being born in a rural area

C

A key prediction of the viral hypothesis of schizophrenia is that __________.

A) children born a few months after the start of a flu outbreak are more likely to develop schizophrenia

B) mothers taking antibiotics should not have schizophrenic offspring

C) children born a few months before a flu outbreak are more likely to develop schizophrenia

D) exposure of the fetus to a virus during the third trimester is most likely to induce schizophrenia

A

What would increase Kacey's likelihood of developing schizophrenia?

A) being kept inside all of the time

B) living in a rural area

C) living in the Southern Hemisphere

D) being born in August

A

The hypothesis regarding the role of dopamine in schizophrenia states that schizophrenia is caused by __________.

A) damage to ascending dopamine fibers

B) a breakdown product of the neurotransmitter serotonin

C) overactivity of dopaminergic synapses

D) low levels of one or more of the monoamines

C

A mutation of the __________ gene may induce abnormalities of neurons in the __________, which results in schizophrenia.

A) DISC3; hippocampus

B) DISC1; prefrontal cortex

C) DISC3; amygdala

D) DISC4; prefrontal cortex

B

Mania is to __________ as depression is to __________.

A) extreme sadness; extreme elation

B) anxiety; extreme sadness

C) extreme elation; extreme sadness

D) pride; distance and loneliness

C

If Beatriz is experiencing __________, she is likely having an episode of mania.

A) strong feelings of guilt

B) extreme sadness

C) crying spells

D) euphoria

D

Depression is diagnosed __________.

A) four times as often in women than men

B) twice as often in men than women

C) four times as often in men than women

D) twice as often in women than men

D

Diagnosis of __________ is to equal distribution between the sexes as diagnosis of __________ is to higher prevalence in women.

A) schizophrenia; depression

B) depression; schizophrenia

C) bipolar depression; depression

D) depression; bipolar depression

C

Alterations between elation and sadness are to __________ as sadness is to __________.

A) schizophrenia; major depressive disorder

B) major depressive disorder; schizophrenia

C) bipolar depression; major depressive disorder

D) major depressive disorder; bipolar depression

C

If Ronan is experiencing __________, he is likely having an episode of major depressive disorder.

A) strong feelings of euphoria

B) extreme sadness

C) hair pulling

D) high energy

B

Which is a similarity between mania and depression?

A) Both involve irritability.

B) Both involve a tendency to conduct movements quickly.

C) Both involve having little energy.

D) Both involve sleep issues.

D

The concordance rate of affective disorder for monozygotic twins __________.

A) is identical to that of dizygotic twins

B) is the same whether or not the twins were raised in the same household

C) is five times higher than that for dizygotic twins

D) is less than that noted for close relatives suffering from affective disorder

C

The __________ gene has been implicated in major depressive disorder and the __________ gene has been implicated in bipolar depression.

A) RORA; RORB

B) RORB; RORA

C) depression gene; RORA

D) RORB; depression gene

A

The tricyclic antidepressant drugs are monoamine agonists in that these drugs __________.

A) block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into the terminals

B) stimulate the release of glycine within the limbic system

C) speed up the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into the terminals

D) block NMDA receptors

A

Fluoxetine (Prozac) is an effective treatment for __________ that works by __________.

A) schizophrenia; blocking dopamine receptors

B) depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder; blocking serotonin reuptake

C) anxiety disorders; inhibition of MAO

D) delusions and hallucinations; blocking serotonin reuptake

B

An effective treatment for depression is __________.

A) lithium salts

B) electroconvulsive therapy

C) drugs that increase levels of epinephrine

D) improved sleep

B

The rationale for shocking the brains of mental patients to produce a seizure was that __________.

A) psychiatric patients show abnormal electrical activity of the cortex

B) painful shock made the patients more manageable

C) the occurrence of a brain seizure appeared to reduce symptoms in psychiatric patients

D) large doses of insulin had been shown to normalize brain activity

C

A major difference between electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT) and treatment using antidepressant drugs is that __________.

A) antidepressant drugs act more rapidly to lift depression than does ECT

B) antidepressant drugs are more likely to impair memory

C) ECT has fewer dangerous side effects

D) ECT lifts depression faster than do antidepressant drugs

D

The effect of total sleep deprivation on depression __________.

A) develops slowly

B) is sufficiently large to justify this as an effective way to treat depression

C) is relatively long lasting

D) is lost after a night of sleep

D

The mood disorder characterized by depression, lethargy, sleep disturbances, craving for carbohydrates, and weight gain is called __________.

A) seasonal affective disorder

B) bulimia nervosa

C) the winter blahs

D) zeitgeber-induced depression

A

If someone receives a diagnosis of seasonal affective disorder, which would be an effective treatment?

A) exposing that person to ketamine daily

B) reducing light exposure

C) phototherapy

D) administration of a monoamine agonist

C

Which statement is true regarding seasonal affective disorder?

A) There is no genetic component.

B) Resetting a person's circadian rhythm can help.

C) It is related to the depression gene.

D) It only affects people in warm climates.

B

A key characteristic of the anxiety disorders is __________.

A) the absence of REM brain waves during the awake phase

B) an inability to control euphoria

C) the presence of unfounded feelings of fear and dread

D) a high level of dopamine receptors within the nucleus accumbens

C

Panic disorder __________.

A) occurs about twice as often in women as in men

B) rarely lasts more than a few seconds

C) rarely appears before the age of 35

D) is five times more likely to occur in older men than older women

A

If Antonio has recurring attacks of acute and debilitating anxiety, he likely has a diagnosis of __________.

A) mania

B) adult-onset depression

C) panic disorder

D) reactive depression

C

If Devin constantly feels fearful and fears being away from home or other protected places, she likely has __________.

A) anticipatory panic disorder

B) acrophobia

C) refractory anxiety

D) agoraphobia

D

Obsession is to __________ as compulsion is to __________.

A) learned behavior; delusional thought

B) delusion; feeling of emotion

C) thought; behavior

D) a form of species-typical behavior; learned behavior

C

Which statement is true of trichotillomania?

A) It can be treated with ketamine.

B) It involves intense sadness.

C) It is a symptom of depression.

D) It is a compulsive behavior.

D

Trichotillomania is to __________ as onychophagia is to __________.

A) eating inappropriate items; nail biting

B) hair pulling; nail biting

C) nail biting; hair pulling

D) nail biting; eating inappropriate items

B

Which statement is correct regarding the incidence of schizophrenia?

a) Roughly 10 percent of the world's population is affected.

b) Schizophrenia is primarily diagnosed during childhood.

c) Positive symptoms tend to emerge before negative symptoms.

d) The symptom categories of schizophrenia are universal.

D

Which statement is correct regarding the incidence of schizophrenia?

a) Paternal age is unrelated to the likelihood of schizophrenia; younger maternal age, however, is a strong predictor

b) Children of younger fathers are more likely to develop schizophrenia

c) Children of younger fathers who were themselves children of older fathers are more likely to develop schizophrenia

d) Children of older fathers are more likely to develop schizophrenia

D

Research suggests that a deficiency of _________________ may contribute to the development of schizophrenia

Vitamin D

The disorder characterized by alterations between stats of euphoria and depression is known as

bipolar disorder

Which statement is correct regarding affective disorders

There appears to be a link between circadian rhythms and depression

Treatment for bipolar disorder includes

lithium

Research on sleep patterns and depression indicate that individuals with depression

enter REM sleep earlier in the night

________ is an anxiety disorder that involves intense fear or anxiety about leaving home, being in open spaces, being in enclosed spaces, or in lines or crowds

Agoraphobia

Which statement about anxiety disorders is correct

panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and social anxiety disorder all have hereditary components

Anxiety disorders can be treated with

benzodiazepines

Evidence suggests that OCD is aligned with _________ and _______, sharing features of dysfunctional thoughts and repetitive behaviors

hoarding, trichotillomania

Which statement regarding the treatment of OCD is correct

Deep brain stimulation has been found to be effective in treating OCD symptoms

The seasonality affect refers to

The fact that individuals are more likely to develop schizophrenia if they are born between February and may

Which statement about the incidence of schizophrenia is most accurate?

Individuals in dense urban settings have a greater likelihood of developing schizophrenia

Which treatment option for depression has the fewest side affects compared to the others

SSRIs

The most common psychiatric disorders are

anxiety disorders

Which statement regarding panic disorder is correct

Panic attacks include many physical symptoms

Which treatment is effective for anxiety

Fluoxetine combined with cognitive behavior therapy

Whitney is fearful of catching an illness. She envisions germs covering every surface when she ventures outside her apartment. Her preoccupation with thoughts of germs would be considered

an obsession

Which statement regarding OCD is correct

OCD behaviors may be extreme examples of functional behaviors

Cases of OCD caused by ____________ have been documented

A Beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection

Three drugs are regularly used to treat symptoms of OCD: Clomipramine, fluoxetine, and fluvoxamine. These drugs are _____________

serotonin agonist