Giddes APUSH Unit 2

Indentured servants

Indentured servants

many displaced workers and farmers desperate for employment; all eventually boarded ships to Americas; 4-7 years of working for masters in exchange for transatlantic passage + later "freedom duties"; goal ⇾ to get wages; masters became more and more resistant to give "freedom dues" bc land was becoming scarce; had no choice but to stay w/their masters

"Freedom dues"

given to indentured servants after their servitude was completed; included an ax and a hoe, a few barrels of corn, a suit of clothes, and perhaps a small parcel of land

Headright system

VA + ML employed this to encourage importation of servants; under terms ⇾ whoever paid passes of laborer was allowed to get 50 acres of land; masters manipulated this system for their own benefit + eventually became the greatest merchant planters in the south (dominated the agriculture + commerce of the southern colonies); masters brought ~100,000 indentured servants

William Berkeley

VA's governor said "How miserable that man is that governs a people where 6/7 at least are poor, indebted, discontinued, and armed"; disliked wretched bachelors; had a friendly policy w/natives

Nathaniel Bacon

planter that led revolt w/~1,000 servants, many were frontiersmen who were forced into untamed backcountry in search of arable land; died cuz of disease

Bacon's Rebellion

led by Nathaniel Bacon when Berkeley refused to retaliate against a series of Native attacks on frontier settlements; VAians in response made an army that killed the Natives + made Berkeley flee from J-town + set the burned down J-town; ended when Bacon died; berkley hanged 20 rebels to crush the uprising

Middle passage

sea route used by slave traders + death rate as high as 20%; survivors ⇾ shoved on auction blocks in NW ports (Newport, Rhode Island, Charleston) where they were sold

Royal African Company

lost crown-granted monopoly on carrying slaves to the colonies; enterprising Americans (specifically Rhode Islanders) rushed to cash in on slaves + supply of slaves rose; africans ⇾ nearly 1/2 population of VA + outnumbered whites 2:1 in SC

Slave codes

laws made sharp distinctions between slaves + their owners (based on race); began in VA + made blacks and their children the property "chattels" for life of their white masters; teaching a slave how to read + write became illegal in some colonies; even conversion to Christianity didn't qualify a slave for freedom

New York slave revolt

erupted in 1712; cost lives of 9 whites + execution of 21 blacks; some burned at stake over a slow fire

South Carolina slave revolt

erupted in 1739; 50+ resentful Blacks along Stono River tried to march to Spanish Florida; stopped by local militia

Stono River

where the SC slave revolt occurred

"First Families of Virginia"

"FFVs"; early settlers in VA that owned land + had power; controlled 70% of leaders in House of Burgesses; Fitzhughs, Lees + Washington's ⇾ dominated the legislature

Jeremiad

new form of sermon in Puritan churches; preaches yelled at parishioners cuz they're not as religious as previous generations (decreasing # of conversions); named after prophet Jeremiad (doom-saying)

Half-Way Covenant

new formula for church membership; modified agreement between church + its adherents to allow non-converted children to be baptized; allowed converted + non-converted people to be part of Puritan Church; weakened distinction between 'elect' and others, diluting spiritual purity of original settlers' godly community

Salem Witch Trials

reflected the widening social stratification of NE + fear of many religious traditionalists that Puritan heritage was being eclipsed by Yankee commercialism; 20 women died (19 hanged + 1 pressed to death) + 2 dogs hanged

Leisler's Rebellion

in NY; conflict between landowners + merchant; 1 of multiple rebellions that came throughout colonies when colonists tried to recreate Euro social structures in NW

German immigrants

6% of total population (150,000) by 1775; came over to flee religious persecution, economic oppression, and war ravages; settled mostly in Pennsylvania + belonged to several different protestant sects (mainly lutheran); enhanced religious diversity; no deep-rooted loyalty to British crown so stuck to their German language + ways

Scots-Irish

7% (175,000) of population; not at all Irish but turbulent Scots Lowlanders; transplanted to northern Ireland, where they didn't prosper (Irish Cath already there + hated them); eventually many abandoned Ireland + came to tolerant and deep-soiled Pennsylvania; pushed onto the frontier making them among 1st settlers of American West + were squatters; poorly settled cuz wasn't meant to be permanent; weren't loyal to british crown cuz britain still controlled them even though scots uprooted them

Paxton Boys

scots led an armed march in Philly in 1764 protesting the quaker lenient policies towards Natives

Regulator Movement

small + nasty insurrection against eastern domination of the colony's affairs; led by Scots-Irish; in NC

Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crèvecoeur

french settler in America; posed question of "what then is the American, this new man"; america is a mixture of nationalities

Triangular trade

profitable even though small in relation to total colonial commerce; a skipper would leave NW port w/cargo of rum + sail to Africa; exchanged liquor w/Afr chiefs for slaves + set sail to WI; there he would exchange the survivors for molasses + carry them to NW

Molasses Act

parliament passed them; aimed at squelching NA trade w/French WI; unsuccessful cuz of smuggling/bribing

"Established" churches

tax-supported churches were conspicuous (Anglican + Congregational); only a small amount of people worshiped

Anglican Church

official faith in GA, NC, SC, VA, ML, and some part of NY; major prop of kingly authority; in America ⇾ fell short of promise; clung to faith that was less fierce + more worldly than religious puritans; dismissive of clergy

Congregational Church

influential + grown out of Puritan Church; formally established in NE colonies except RI; self-governing Puritan congregations without the hierarchical establishments of the Anglican Church; MA at first taxed all residents but later relented + exempted members of other well-known denominations; where adult men came together to vote to showcase classroom for democracy; gathered regularly to elect officials, appoint schoolmasters, and discuss mundane matters

Arminianism

belief that salvation is offered to all humans but is conditional on acceptance of God's grace; threatening to Calvinist doctrine of predestination; named after Jacobus Arminius

Jacobus Arminius

dutch theologian who rejected predestination; salvation can be attained by freely accepting God's grace; founded Arminianism

Great Awakening

religious revival that swept through the colonies in 1730s-1740s; ignited in Northampton, MA by Jonathan Edwards; salvation through good work and affirm the need for complete dependence on God's grace

Jonathan Edwards

preacher during Great Awakening; deepest theological mind ever nurtured in America; proclaimed with burning righteousness that the folly of believing in salvation through good works and affirmed the need for complete dependence on God's grace; doctrines sparked a warmly sympathetic reaction among his parishioners

George Whitefield

english clergyman + one of England's greatest actors back then; known to be able to convince people through his sermons; involved himself in Great Awakening by preaching his belief of how to attain salvation; revolutionized spiritual life + invented new style of preaching; inspired other preachers to abuse sinners + talk to shake audiences w/emotional appeals

Old lights

orthodox clergymen who were skeptical of the emotionalism + the theatrical antics of the revivalists; wanted more rational spirituality

New lights

clergymen who defended the Awakening for this role in revitalizing American religion; laid emphasis on emotive spirituality, increasing numbers + competition among churches while founding centers of higher learning

John Trumbull

painter of CT who was discouraged in his youth by his father's chilling remark "CT isn't Athens"; forced to travel to London to pursue his ambitions; succeeded in becoming a painter

Charles Willson Peale

artist; best known for portraits of George Washington; ran a museum, stuffed birds, + practiced dentistry

John Singleton Copley

succeeded in ambitions to become famous painter; regarded as a loyalist during Revolutionary War; worked in England + received training from there; official court painter

Phillis Wheatley

an enslaved girl brought to Boston at 8 yrs + never formally educated; taken to England at 20 yrs + published a book of verse + later wrote other poems that revealed the influence of Alexander Pope; overcame background disadvantage of not being educated

Benjamin Franklin

best known for Poor Richard's Almanack (1732-1758); shone as literary light; incalculable influence in shaping American character; only first-rank scientist produced in the American colonies; condemned by stodgy clergymen

Poor Richard's Almanack

contains many pithy sayings culled from thinkers of the time; emphasized virtues as thrift, industry, morality, and common sense; well-known in Europe + more widely read in America

John Peter Zenger

newspaper printer; was involved in a celebrated legal case; assailed the corrupt royal governor; jailed + tried for seditious libel attacking governor; acquitted w/help of Andrew Hamilton (lawyer); huge step for freedom of press

Zenger Trial

libel case against John Peter Zenger; arose in NY + reflected the politics of the middle colonies (where many diff ethnic groups nestled against one another); established principle that truthful statements about public officials cannot be prosecuted as libel; big achievement for freedom of press + health of democracy

Council

upper house of 2 legislative body that was appointed by crown in royal colonies + by proprietary; chosen by voters in self-governing colonies

Royal colonies

colonies where the King directly appointed governors; governors ran into trouble w/colonial legislature often; resented imposed control from Atl Ocean; 8 colonies had royal governors

Proprietary colonies

colonies of ML, PA, DE; under control of local proprietors (who appointed colonial governors)

Lord Cornbury

first cousin of Queen Anne; made governors of NY and NJ in 1702; was drunkard, spendthrift, grafter, embezzler, religious bigot, cross-dresser (accused of dressing like a woman), + vain fool