Studied by 37 peopleAnaphase
______ is the stage of mitosis/meiosis where the sister chromatids separate and are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell by the spindle fibers.
Chromosome
A __________ is a long, coiled-up strand of DNA that contains genes and other genetic information.
Throughout most of a cell’s life cycle, the DNA is unraveled. The DNA only condenses into ___________ during cell division.
Crossover
a process in which homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material.
________ occurs during the prophase I stage of meiosis.
Cytokinesis
a stage during mitosis or meiosis where the cytoplasm is divided, creating two daughter cells from one parent cell.
Diploid
a cell containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
The body, or somatic, cells of an organism (all cells other than the germ cells) are _________.
DNA
______ is a molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and function of all living organisms. It is composed of nucleotides that are arranged in a double helix structure.
Dominant
a trait that is always expressed when it is present.
_______ alleles are usually represented by capital letters, such as F
Gamete
a mature, haploid reproductive cell that is created as a result of meiosis.
Male cells that undergo meiosis produce _______ called sperm cells.
Female cells that undergo meiosis produce polar bodies and ________ called egg cells (ova)
Genotype
The genetic makeup of an organism
The __________ of an organism refers to its complete set of inherited genes that determine its physical and behavioral traits.
Germ cell
a sexual reproductive cell that has the potential to develop into gametes.
______ cells include gametes as well as the diploid cells that divide to produce gametes
Haploid
a cell containing a single set of unpaired chromosomes.
_______ cells contain half the number of chromosomes as diploid cells. The gametes (sperm and egg cells) of an organism are ______.
Homologous chromosomes
a pair of chromosomes that are similar in length as well as gene and centromere position
Interphase
a phase in a cell’s life cycle where it grows, replicates DNA, and prepares for cell division
Meiosis
a type of cell division in which a parent cell divides twice, producing four daughter cells.
During _______, DNA is replicated only once, resulting in four daughter cells with half the amount of genetic material (haploid) as the parent (diploid)
Metaphase
a stage during mitosis and meiosis in which the chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate and chromosomes attach to spindle fibers
Mitosis
a type of cell division in which a parent cell divides once, producing two daughter cells.
During _______, the DNA is replicated once, resulting in two daughter cells that have exact copies of the parent cell’s DNA
Ovum
(egg cell) – a female germ cell involved in reproduction.
An _____ can grow into an organism after it is fertilized by a sperm cell.
Phenotype
the physical appearance of an organism.
Organisms with different genotypes can have the same __________. For example, an RR fruit fly and an Rr fruit fly both will have red eyes.
Prophase
a stage during mitosis and meiosis in which the nuclear envelope breaks down, the chromosomes condense, and centrosomes move to opposite poles of the cell.
Recessive
a trait that is not expressed when the dominant allele is present.
__________ alleles are usually represented by lowercase letters, such as f
Sister chromatids
two identical strands of DNA in a chromosome connected by a centromere
Sperm cell
a male germ cell involved in reproduction.
Immature spermatids develop into ______ cells.
_______ cells can fertilize egg cells during reproduction
Telophase
a stage during mitosis and meiosis in which the DNA unwinds and the nuclear envelope reforms around the chromosomes or chromatids
Zygote
a fertilized cell that forms from the fusion of an egg cell and a sperm cell
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