Torture

What are Field Hands in the context of slave labor?

The majority of the slave workforce.

What are House Slaves?

Slaves who worked as cooks, maids, butlers, and gardeners.

How were House Slaves supervised compared to Field Hands?

They were more closely supervised due to proximity to whites.

Why were Skilled Slaves considered more elite?

They performed specialized work such as carpentry and blacksmithing.

What is the significance of Urban Slaves?

They lived in larger southern cities and had more autonomy, such as purchasing their own food and clothes.

What are examples of diseases affecting enslaved people listed in the notes?

Salmonella, Hepatitis, Diarrhea, Intestinal worms.

What does the term "Peculiar Institution" refer to?

Slavery.

What was the Missouri Compromise of 1820?

It allowed for the admission of one free state (Maine) and one slave state (Missouri) and banned slavery in the Louisiana Purchase north of Missouri's southern boundary.

What is Sectionalism?

Loyalty to one's own region rather than the country as a whole.

What started the Mexican War (1846-1848)?

The Wilmot Proviso attempted to ban slavery in territories captured from Mexico.

What did the Compromise of 1850 establish?

For every free state North, there would be a slave state South.

What was the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850?

It permitted people to be deputized to help apprehend fugitive slaves.

What was the significance of Uncle Tom’s Cabin?

It raised awareness of the realities of slavery and sold 300,000 copies in its first year.

What did the Kansas-Nebraska Act allow?

It allowed for popular sovereignty to decide if the territories would be free or slave.

What was the Dred Scott Decision?

It ruled that slaves were not citizens and could not sue in court.

What was the role of John Brown's Raid?

To attempt to overthrow the South through armed conflict and end slavery.

What was the significance of Lincoln’s Election in 1860?

It triggered secession from Southern states.

What was the outcome of the Civil War?

The Union was preserved, and slavery was abolished.

Who founded the Women's Political Council (WPC)?

A prominent group of Black female activists in Montgomery.

What was the Civil Rights Act of 1969?

It banned segregation and discrimination in public places and employment.

What did Emmett Till's mother do after his death?

She became an advocate for civil rights, highlighting racial violence.

What was the impact of the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

It successfully led to the desegregation of Montgomery's buses.

What is the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)?

A group that played a key role in the Civil Rights Movement, particularly among youth.

What did JFK do in relation to the Civil Rights Movement?

He hesitated to support it due to fear of losing Southern votes.

What tactic did activists use during the Albany Movement?

Attempted to desegregate public spaces including bus terminals.

What was the significance of the March on Washington?

It gathered massive support for civil rights, culminating in King's "I Have a Dream" speech.

What did the term "New Negro" represent?

A movement towards racial uplift and political involvement by African Americans.

What was the role of Buffalo Soldiers?

They were African American soldiers who fought in the Indian Wars and supported the U.S. Army.

What was the Harlem Renaissance?

A cultural movement that celebrated African American arts and literature.

How did the Great Migration influence the Harlem Renaissance?

It led to increased literacy and opportunities for Black artists and activists.

Who was W.E.B. DuBois?

A prominent African American scholar and civil rights activist who played a key role in the NAACP.

What was the purpose of the NAACP?

To fight for civil rights and against racial discrimination.

What factors contributed to the anti-immigrant sentiment in the U.S. during the 1920s?

Fear of foreigners, economic depression, and suspicion of communism.

What were Jim Crow Laws?

State and local statutes that legalized racial segregation.

What is the significance of the 15th Amendment?

It guarantees the right to vote regardless of race.

Who were the Exodusters?

African Americans who migrated to the Great Plains after Reconstruction.

What did the term 'Bad Blood' refer to in the context of the Tuskegee Study?

A term used to describe various ailments, including syphilis.

What historical event provoked the revival of the Ku Klux Klan?

The film 'The Birth of a Nation' depicted them as heroic figures.

What was the significance of the Scottsboro Boys case?

It highlighted racial injustice in the legal system and led to significant court cases.

What is Social Darwinism?

The application of Darwin's theories to human societies, often to justify racial hierarchies.

Who was Ida B. Wells?

A journalist and activist who fought against lynching and for civil rights.

What is the significance of the 14th Amendment?

It granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States.

What does "double consciousness" refer to?

The internal struggle of African Americans to reconcile their identity within a racially biased society.

What was the impact of the Red Summer of 1919?

It was marked by widespread racial violence and riots across many U.S. cities.

What were the economic conditions for Blacks in the 1930s?

Blacks faced high unemployment and low wages, along with general economic despair.

What did the Ku Klux Klan do during the early 20th century?

The Klan was involved in acts of terror against African Americans and other minority groups.

Who was Marcus Garvey?

A leader advocating for Black nationalism and economic self-sufficiency.

What does the term "disenfranchisement" mean?

The deprivation of the right to vote.

What was the goal of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party?

To challenge the seating of delegates at the national Democratic Party convention.

What was the impact of the Little Rock Nine?

They faced significant resistance while attempting to integrate a previously all-white high school.

What was the purpose of the Black Star Line?

To promote economic independence among Blacks and facilitate return to Africa.

How did white Americans respond to the Great Migration?

There was increased racial tension and hostility in many areas.

What was the significance of the Harlem Renaissance in shaping Black identity?

It fostered a sense of pride and cultural identity among African Americans.

What did the term 'lynching' refer to in the early 20th century?

Murder by a mob without due process, often targeting Black individuals.

What was the impact of the Civil Rights Movement on laws and policies in the U.S.?

It led to significant changes including laws prohibiting racial discrimination and promoting equal rights.

What was the focus of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

Ending discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in employment and public accommodations.

What was the outcome of the Selma to Montgomery marches?

They were pivotal in raising awareness for voting rights and led to changes in federal policies.

Who were the Freedom Riders?

Activists who rode interstate buses to challenge segregation in the South.

What was the significance of the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

It outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans.

What did the civil rights slogan "No Justice, No Peace" emphasize?

The belief that societal peace is impossible without justice for marginalized groups.

What was the primary message of Martin Luther King Jr.'s speech?

To advocate for civil rights through nonviolent means.

What is the definition of Antebellum?

Before the Civil War

How did Skilled Slaves differ from House Slaves?

More elite, such as carpenters and blacksmiths, and maintained plantation houses.

What characterizes Urban Slaves?

Domestic workers in larger southern cities who could purchase their own food and clothes.

What was the difference between Industrial Slaves and other types?

They worked in industries such as textile mills and some were paid.

How were Slave marriages conducted?

Not recognized by law; often performed as 'jumping the broom'.

What was noted about child mortality rates among enslaved children?

High infant mortality rate; about 50% died by age 5.

What justification was given for the exploitation of enslaved women?

Perceived power of slave masters and stereotypes about promiscuity.

What kinds of diseases were common among the enslaved?

Salmonella, hepatitis, diarrhea, and intestinal worms.

What was the relationship between smallpox and gonorrhea and race?

Could be spread from one race to another.

What role did traditional remedies play in slave health care?

Used to address health issues, passed down by women.

What was the significance of religion to enslaved people?

Helped endure slavery, despite being instructed to obey masters.

How was the institution of slavery perceived by slaveholders?

Paternalistic; seen as rescuing enslaved people from Africa.

What did sectionalism refer to in 1800s America?

Loyalty to one's own region instead of the country as a whole.

What were the effects of the Mexican War of 1846-1848?

Heightened tensions regarding the extension of slavery into new territories.

What was Manifest Destiny?

The belief that Americans were destined to expand westward across the continent.

What did the Compromise of 1850 entail?

Balanced free and slave states; overturned the Missouri Compromise.

What did the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 allow?

Allowed for the capture of escaped slaves and denied them a jury trial.

What was Uncle Tom’s Cabin?

A novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that raised awareness about slavery.

What is the significance of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854?

Introduced popular sovereignty for deciding slavery in the territories.

What event epitomized violence and conflict over slavery in Kansas?

Bleeding Kansas, marked by violent confrontations.

What was the role of the Republican Party formed in 1854?

Opposed the extension of slavery and attracted anti-slavery supporters.

What was concluded in the Dred Scott Decision of 1857?

Slaves were not citizens and could not sue in court.

What was the outcome of John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry?

Attempted to incite a slave rebellion but ended in failure.

What proclamation did Lincoln issue on January 1, 1863?

The Emancipation Proclamation, freeing slaves in rebel states.

What significance did the Civil War hold for the preservation of the Union?

Lincoln aimed to preserve the Union above all else.

What impact did Black troops have during the Civil War?

Initially rejected but later accepted into service, proving their capability.

Who was the first leader of the SCLC?

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

What event on August 28, 1963, was pivotal for the Civil Rights Movement?

The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.

What does the term 'Black Codes' refer to?

Laws that restricted the rights of freedmen after the Civil War.

What played a role in the radicalization of SNCC in the 1960s?

Violence and lack of federal support in the civil rights movement.

Who was a prominent leader in the Albany Movement?

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., who sought to desegregate the area.

What was the Freedom Summer of 1964 focused on?

Voter registration drives and civil rights activism in Mississippi.

What was established to monitor employment discrimination after the Civil Rights Act?

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).

Who was Emmett Till and why is he significant?

His lynching in 1955 became a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement.

What was the outcome of the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education?

Declared that separate but equal was unconstitutional.

Which landmark case involved a challenge to literacy tests and voting rights?

Guinn v. United States.

What did the term 'desegregation' mean in the context of the Civil Rights Movement?

The process of ending the separation of races in public spaces.

Who was considered a key figure in advocating for civil rights through the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

Rosa Parks.

What organization was formed to coordinate the Civil Rights Movement strategies?

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).