Exam 3 Study Guide CH 8-end

Exam 3 Study Guide

Exam #3 Study Guide

Lecture: DNA structure and function

• Know the difference between haploid and diploid cells
  • Diploid has two sets of chromosomes
  • Haploid has one set of chromosomes
• Know the four nucleotides that make up DNA
  • Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine
• Terms to know:
  • Chromosomes: tightly packed DNA, two sister chromatids that are joined together

Lecture: DNA replication

• Know what the DNA polymerase does
  • DNA polymerases assemble new strands of DNA at primers using nucleotides. Like a printer, catch mistakes during DNA replication
• Know that mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful
• Know how mutations happen
  • Mutation: permanent change in the DNA sequence of a chromosome
  • Nucleotide may be moved or deleted, Extra nucleotide may be added, Replicated DNA that isn’t like parent strand
• Know the common causes of mutations
  • Chemical exposure, infectious agents, direct damage to DNA
• Terms to know:
  • Mutagen: chemical that permanently changes DNA

Lecture: Intro to DNA transcription and translation

• Know what transcription does
  • Process of copying a gene into RNA form
  • Transcription made 3 types of RNA (rRNA, tRNA, mRNA)
• Know what translation does
  • Using mRNA to build proteins from amino acids
  • Translation makes a protein
• Know the three types of RNA
  • rRNA ribosomal RNA
  • tRNA transfer RNA
  • mRNA messenger RNA
• Terms to know:
  • genes: segments of DNA that contain information about certain traits

Lecture: Steps of transcription and translation

• Know where both transcription and translation occur
  • Translation occurs in the cytoplasm
  • Transcription occurs in the nucleus
• Know the difference between introns and exons
  • Introns are removed from newly made mRNA strands because they do not code for proteins
  • Exons code for proteins.
  • Both are segments of genes

Lecture: Mitosis

• Know what telomeres are and how they relate to age
  • Telomeres - regions of noncoding DNA @ ends of chromosomes
  • They act as a cushion to protect genes in DNA, they shorten when cells divide and when they’re too short the cell dies, causes organisms to get weak with age
• Know the chromosome numbers of parent and daughter cells
  • Should be the same, right?
• Know malignant vs benign neoplasms
  • malignant neoplasms grow fast, spread, and are dangerous to the organism's health
• Terms to know:
  • Apoptosis: Major mistakes that can’t be fixed by checkpoint genes can trigger apoptosis; Self destruct button that starts cell death

Lecture: Meiosis

• Know that asexual reproduction uses mitosis only
• Know that sexual reproduction uses meiosis and mitosis
• Know what meiosis and fertilization does to chromosome number
  • Meiosis halves the number of chromosomes, Fertilization restores chromosome number
• Terms to know:
  • Allele: different forms of the same gene
  • sexual reproduction: reproduction with offspring from two parents, creates genetically unique offspring
  • asexual reproduction: single parent copies itself to make offspring, genetically identical offspring

Lecture: Genetics 1

• Be able to tell the difference between codominance and incomplete dominance

  • Codominance: two dominant alleles, often see a mix of the two traits, both traits are present

  

• Incomplete dominance: both alleles aren’t fully dominant or recessive, often get a combo of the two traits

  

• Be able to complete a Punnett Square

  

Lecture: Evolution

• Know the four principles of evolution
  • Variation in traits, inheritance of traits, selection (encourage, discourage) of traits, time
• Know the difference between macroevolution and microevolution
  • Macroevolution: large scale evolutionary changes over a long period of time, most controversial part of evolution
  • Microevolution: evolutionary change within a species over a short period of time (like the croatian lizards)
• Know that mutations create new alleles
• People to know
  • Charles Darwin: studied finches on the Galapagos Islands, best known for the understanding of evolutionary biology, natural selection
• Terms to know:
  • Speciation: the formation of new and distinct species during evolution, ancestral population splits up and form new species
  • Fitness:how well a species is suited for a particular environment
  • Evolution: a process of gradual change that takes place over many generations, during which species of animals, plants, or insects slowly change some of their physical characteristics, change of population = evolution

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