Exam 3 Study Guide CH 8-end

Exam 3 Study Guide

Exam #3 Study Guide

Lecture: DNA structure and function

  • Know the difference between haploid and diploid cells   * Diploid has two sets of chromosomes   * Haploid has one set of chromosomes
  • Know the four nucleotides that make up DNA   * Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine
  • Terms to know:   * Chromosomes: tightly packed DNA, two sister chromatids that are joined together

Lecture: DNA replication

  • Know what the DNA polymerase does   * DNA polymerases assemble new strands of DNA at primers using nucleotides. Like a printer, catch mistakes during DNA replication
  • Know that mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful
  • Know how mutations happen   * Mutation: permanent change in the DNA sequence of a chromosome   * Nucleotide may be moved or deleted, Extra nucleotide may be added, Replicated DNA that isn’t like parent strand
  • Know the common causes of mutations   * Chemical exposure, infectious agents, direct damage to DNA
  • Terms to know:   * Mutagen: chemical that permanently changes DNA

Lecture: Intro to DNA transcription and translation

  • Know what transcription does   * Process of copying a gene into RNA form   * Transcription made 3 types of RNA (rRNA, tRNA, mRNA)
  • Know what translation does   * Using mRNA to build proteins from amino acids   * Translation makes a protein
  • Know the three types of RNA   * rRNA ribosomal RNA   * tRNA transfer RNA   * mRNA messenger RNA
  • Terms to know:   * genes: segments of DNA that contain information about certain traits

Lecture: Steps of transcription and translation

  • Know where both transcription and translation occur   * Translation occurs in the cytoplasm   * Transcription occurs in the nucleus
  • Know the difference between introns and exons   * Introns are removed from newly made mRNA strands because they do not code for proteins   * Exons code for proteins.   * Both are segments of genes

Lecture: Mitosis

  • Know what telomeres are and how they relate to age   * Telomeres - regions of noncoding DNA @ ends of chromosomes   * They act as a cushion to protect genes in DNA, they shorten when cells divide and when they’re too short the cell dies, causes organisms to get weak with age
  • Know the chromosome numbers of parent and daughter cells   * Should be the same, right?
  • Know malignant vs benign neoplasms   * malignant neoplasms grow fast, spread, and are dangerous to the organism's health
  • Terms to know:   * Apoptosis: Major mistakes that can’t be fixed by checkpoint genes can trigger apoptosis; Self destruct button that starts cell death

Lecture: Meiosis

  • Know that asexual reproduction uses mitosis only
  • Know that sexual reproduction uses meiosis and mitosis
  • Know what meiosis and fertilization does to chromosome number   * Meiosis halves the number of chromosomes, Fertilization restores chromosome number
  • Terms to know:   * Allele: different forms of the same gene   * sexual reproduction: reproduction with offspring from two parents, creates genetically unique offspring   * asexual reproduction: single parent copies itself to make offspring, genetically identical offspring

Lecture: Genetics 1

  • Be able to tell the difference between codominance and incomplete dominance   * Codominance: two dominant alleles, often see a mix of the two traits, both traits are present

 

  • Incomplete dominance: both alleles aren’t fully dominant or recessive, often get a combo of the two traits

 

  • Be able to complete a Punnett Square

 

Lecture: Evolution

  • Know the four principles of evolution   * Variation in traits, inheritance of traits, selection (encourage, discourage) of traits, time
  • Know the difference between macroevolution and microevolution   * Macroevolution: large scale evolutionary changes over a long period of time, most controversial part of evolution   * Microevolution: evolutionary change within a species over a short period of time (like the croatian lizards)
  • Know that mutations create new alleles
  • People to know   * Charles Darwin: studied finches on the Galapagos Islands, best known for the understanding of evolutionary biology, natural selection
  • Terms to know:   * Speciation: the formation of new and distinct species during evolution, ancestral population splits up and form new species   * Fitness:how well a species is suited for a particular environment   * Evolution: a process of gradual change that takes place over many generations, during which species of animals, plants, or insects slowly change some of their physical characteristics, change of population = evolution

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