Chapter 6 - Exercise and the Immune system

professional phagocytes

Macrophages are often called ______________________ because they make their living destroying bacteria

2

The skin covers _____ square meters.

400

The mucosa covers ______ square meters.

neutrophils / macrophages

______ & _______ are key phagocytes

bone marrow

All blood cells are made in the __________ from self-renewing stem cells

B-cells

_________ function as antibody factories and can produce more than 100 million different types of antibodies that are required to protect us against a wide variety of invading antigens.

leukocyte

Both B- and T-cells are members of the ______ family.

Antigens

___________ are any substance that stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies.

viruses

Killer T-cells are a potent weapon against ___________.

Physical barriers

__________________ are the first line of innate defense

innate nonspecific

Humans and other animals are born with an ____________________ immune system

Leukocytes

___________ are known as white blood cells.

innate immunity

Increasing amount of blood flow to the infected site, with the help of macrophages, helps _______________________ by bringing additional leukocytes to the infected area.

Cytokines

___________ are cell signals that regulate immune system by facilitating communication between cells within the immune system.

Neutrophils

____________ alert other immune cells in the body by secreting cytokines.

Inflammation

_____________ is a normal part of the biological response to harmful stimuli, such as bacteria entering the body

increased blood flow

The redness, swelling, and heat around the injured tissue result from the ______________________ to the damaged area.

c-reactive

Chronic inflammation is associated with increased circulating cytokines and the so-called "acute-phase proteins" such as __________ protein.

innate / acquired

The redundancy of the immune system is achieved by the teamwork of two arms of the immune system referred to as the __________ and ____________ immune system

Natural killer cells

_______________ bind directly to virus-infected cells and cancer cells to kill them.

exercise immunology

The field of ___________________________ is defined as the study of exercise, psychological, and environmental influences on immune function.

moderate

People who engage in regular bouts of ____________ aerobic exercise catch fewer colds like URTIs.

complement system

The __________________ plays an important role in innate immunity and consists of numerous proteins that circulate in the blood in inactive forms.

URTIs

Currently, __________ are the most common types of infections worldwide, and the average adult suffers from two to five colds a year

eosinophils

Destroy multicellular parasites

Megakaryocytes

Not involved in immune function

Monocytes

Precursors of macrophages

Basophils

Release chemicals involved in inflammation

phagocytes

This internal defense is composed of both specialized cells such as ______________ and natural killer cells designed to destroy the invader,

Mucosa

____________ lining is at any point where there is an opening in the body.

Cytokines

_________ secreted from macrophages stimulate the immune response

Natural Killer Cells

______________ destroy viruses, bacteria, and cancer cells, and give off cytokines.

skin / mucosa

The physical barriers of the innate immunity are the _____ & ______.

Natural Killer Cells / phagocytes

The cellular components of the innate immunity are the __________ & __________.

stem cells

undifferentiated cells

acquired

B & T-cells are apart of the __________ immunity

complement

The ______________ system is where proteins attach to the surface of a foreign agent, destroys bacteria by making holes, tags surface of bacteria (identifies it to phagocytes) and serves as chemoattractant (recruits other immune cells)

acute inflammation

short-term response, vasodilation (from bradykinin), increase blood flow, pain caused by kinins

chronic inflammation

persistant/prolonged immune response, increase in cytokines and c-reactive protein

high grade

This chronic inflammation is in certain cancers and rheumatoid arthritis

Low grade

This chronic inflammation is due to obesity and aging

Acquired Immune System

adaptive immune response that recognizes and remembers certain pathogens

B

___ cells secrete antibodies

antibodies

immunoglobulins that fight against foreign antigens

antigen

stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies

T

____ cells recognize protein antigens

Killer T

______ cells are cytotoxic cells that kill virus-infected cells

Helper T

_____ cells secrete cytokines that enhance immune response

Regulatory T

______ cells prevent immune systems from attacking normal body antigens

moderate

People who engage in regular ______________ exercise are at lower risk of URTI (20-40 min at 40-60% VO2 max)

intense

URTI risk is higher in people who engage in ___________ exercise (>90 min) and people who do not exercise

increases

Exercise ___________ white blood cells

increase

In resistance exercise, monocytes __________

variable

In resistance exercise, helper T cells response pattern is ___________

lymphocytosis

In resistance exercise, Cytotoxic T cells create a _______________ response immediately after

acute increase

In resistance exercise, B cells have an ___________________

acute bout

In resistance exercise, Natural Killer cells respond to an _________________ of training

increase

In resistance exercise, neutrophils _________ above baseline immediately after

microtrauma

Resistance exercise can induce significant ______________ to muscle fibers

sarcolemma

Mechanical forces placed on the myofiber exceed the structural capacity of the membrane and microtears in the ____________ occur

immune system

Muscle tissue damage leads to activation of the ______________.

glycoproteins

Cytokines are soluble _____________ that are produced by several cell types a) immune cells, b) endothelial cells, c) myocytes, and d) adipocytes

cortisol

The immune response to resistance exercise shows no connection between ___________ and measured exercise-evoked changes in immunity

sympathetic

Heavy resistance exercise strongly activates the ______________ nervous system.

Immunosenescence

immune system has become quiet, not as assertive anymore

immune function

Regular moderate exercise can improve _____________________ by enhanced vaccination responses, increased T cells, lower levels of inflammatory cytokines, and increased neutrophil phagocytosis

open window

The _______________ theory suggests that after 2 hours of exercise, the individual has a increased risk on infection

negative

Exercise in hot and cold environments do not have ___________ effects on immune systems.

lab / field

Exercise at a high altitude (>6000 ft) does not impair immune function in the _______, but show increased risk of URTI in the ________.

can

If symptoms are above the head, the individual _________ exercise.

should not

If symptoms are below the neck, the individual __________ exercise.

do not

If fever, fatigue, or muscle aches present, ______________ exercise.