Test 2

The phenomenological approach to personality emphasizes

how individuals view themselves

Which of the following best represents a Token Economy according to behavioral theory

Accumulating points for good behavior that can eventually be turned in for a price or reward

John Watson was responsible for which of the following behavioral experiments

the “Little Albert” Experiment

According to Rogers, one way congruence is defined is in terms of how closely ******** are aligned

Real seld and ideal self

the concept of hierarchy of needs is considering personality functioning was developed by

Maslow

According to humanistic theory, which of the following represents the correct order of human needs

Psychological, safety, belongingness, esteem, self-actualization

The behavioral view of the person is that we are

Machinelike

Those who promote leaning theory tend to emphasize the **** approach to research

Experimental

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a person who, according to humanistic theory, has achieved self-actualization

Has very few or no intimate relationships with others

Ashlee wants to train her cat, Salem not to jump on her kitchen counter, so she designs a behavior modification program. She decides to spray Salen with water each time she catches the cat on the counters. In operant conditioning terms, Ashlee plans to use

Positive punishment

Carl Rogers was born in the American midwest to Evangelical Christian parents with an agricultural background; his ubringing strongly emphasized

Strong ethics, moral, and the value of hard work

Systematic desensitization is a type of **** techique, based on the learning theory of classical conditioning

Counterconditioning

Which of the following is NOT a necessary condition for successful psychotherapy outcomes, according to Carl Rogers

Self-Acceptance

A therapist utilizing systematic desensitization to treat a photo or fear will work collaboratively with a client to create a/an

Anxiety hierarchy

According to behviorism, determinism is the belief that

behavior is caused in a lawful, scientifc manner AND causally determined by enviornmental factirs

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of behvaioral research

Primarily conducted through correlational studies

Ivan Pavlov discovered the process of classical conditioning by pairing a bell with food presented to a dog; eventually, the dog would salivate at the sound of the bell when no food was presented. According to Pavlov and the principle of classical conditioning, at the very beginning or the experiment(before the repeated pairings, the bell was a **** and the food was a ****

Neutral stimulus; unconditional stimulus

According to BF Skinner, an important structure of the personality is

Responses and operants

According to BF Skinner, an important aspect of the process of personality development is

Reinforces

Unlike Freud, Rogers felt that humans are oriented toward

Positive growth and psychological maturity

Ashlees car makes an annoying dinging sound and only stops when she puts her seatbelt on, The annoying dinging sound is an example of

Negative reinforcement

Which of the following should be considered when applying the Rogreian self-concept to diverse population

Both of those answers

Which of the following is NOT a defining feature of Sellgan’s universal human strengths

Enduring characteristic that is benefical in a specific dimension of life

Existentialism is best described as the study of

The uniqueness of the human condition and human existence

Positive psychology is best described as

A movement away from the emphasis on psychopathology and distress and greater focus on strengths, positive emotions, and human potential

Ashlee recieves a failing grade on an exam, which threathens an important aspect of her self concept - that she is an excellent student. She copes with this threat by telling others that the professor created a terrible exam that did not accurately capture the course content. According to Rogerian theory, Ashlee may be engaging in which of the following defense mechanism

Distortion

Black and Robins conducted a study and found that self-esteem generally increases for males and decreases for females from adolescence to early adulthood. Which of the following is another significant finding/conclusion of this particular study

Young adults whose personalities fit cultural expectations of gender are more likely to feel good about themselves and have a self-concept that is close to their ideal self

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of how Rogers viewed therapy from the personcentered perspective

Clients have a tendency toward pathololgy anf problems

According to Rogers, a maladjusted person may engage in defence mechanisms when there is incongruence between actual experience and the subjectuve experience the self. This describes

Self-experience discrepancy

Behavioral theory rejects the idea of a disordered or sick person. Instead, behaviorists believe psychopathology results from

exposure to a maladaptive enviornment and learned maladaptive behavior

In the Little Albert experiment, little alberty showed signs of fear and sitress in response to a variety of objects that were white and furry or fuzzy, even though the original experiment involved a white rat. in classical conditioning this is an example of

generalization

The various ways in which humans respond to their awareness of the inevitability of death or mortality salience is referred to as

Terror Management Theory (TMT)

Systematic desensitization involves helping a client learn a new response that is ****** with an existing response

Physiologically incompatible

A positive, nonjudgemental, acceptant attitude toward whatever the client is at the moment, willingness for the client to be whatever immaculate feeling is going on, and prizing a client without conditions describes which of the following Rogerian concepts

Unconditional Positive Regard

Which of the following is NOT emphasized in behavioral assessment, according to behaviorists

Identification of underlying thoughts or cognitions that elicit, cue,k or reinforce the target behavior

Jerome Kagan’s temperament studies concluded that, in general, infants born highly reactive to novelty became **** children, whereas those born with low reactivity developed into **** children

inhibited: uninhibited

Abraham Maslow’s view of people is best described as

People are born good or neutral and oriented positive toward growth

While running a half marathon, Ashlee experience a high level of focused attention, a temporary loss of self-consciousness, considerable enjoyment, and the quick passing of time. Ashlee was likely experiencing which of the following concepts proposed by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyhi.

Flow

Which of the following is NOT a primary research method utilized by behavioral geneticists

Case studies

In a study, Tugade & Fredrickson (2004) told participants they were to give a public speech that would be videotaped. Participants who experienced more positive emotions while preparing their speeches also tended to display:

Lower stress and higher resilience

A major limitation of behavioral theory is that it:

Oversimplifies the concept of personality and does not explain more complex phenomena

Behaviorists expect a person’s behavioral style to vary. across. different environments. This refers to:

Situational specificity

Aspects of evolutionary psychology are based on Darwin’s theory of

Natural selection

True or False: Monozygotic twins raised apart are about as similar to one another in personality traits as were monozygotic twins raised together

True

Phineas Gage’s personality changed dramatically after a metal rod damaged his

Frontal Lobe

Our tendency toward positive or negative moods, how responsive we are to stimuli, and our ability to calm or smooth ourselves, describes our:

Tempermant

True or False: Research shows that temperament trends toward consistency throughout one’s life

True

The potential for change in neurological systems as a result of experience and enviornmental influence refers to

Brain plasticity

The New York Longitudinal Study developed three temparment types based on an analysis of data from more than 100 participants; there three types are:

Easy, difficult, slow to warm

The biosocial perspective proposes that sex differences result from:

interations between biology and social factors