Lesson 1- Intro to Alkyl Halides and Nucleophilic Substitution

Alkyl Halides

Organic molecules containing a halogen atom bonded to an sp3 hybridized carbon atom.

1°, 2°, 3° Alkyl Halides

Classification of alkyl halides based on the number of carbons bonded to the carbon with the halogen.

IUPAC Nomenclature

Naming an alkyl halide as an alkane with a halogen substituent, where the halogen is named with the suffix -o.

Common Names

Naming method for simple alkyl halides, combining the alkyl group name with the halide name, changing the -ine to -ide.

Dipole–Dipole Interactions

Interactions exhibited by alkyl halides due to the polar carbon–halogen bond.

Good Leaving Groups

Weak bases with strong conjugate acids, which include all halides except F–.

Nucleophile

A species that donates an electron pair in a nucleophilic substitution reaction.

Steric Hindrance

A decrease in reactivity due to bulky groups at the site of reaction.

Polar Protic Solvents

Solvents that can form hydrogen bonds with their solute; common examples include water and alcohols.

Polar Aprotic Solvents

Solvents that do not form hydrogen bonds; they are effective at solvate cations but not anions.

Nucleophilicity

The strength of a nucleophile, which may be affected by factors such as solvent and sterics.

Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction

A reaction where a nucleophile replaces a leaving group in an organic compound.

Electrophilic Carbon

A carbon atom in an alkyl halide that is electron-deficient and reacts with nucleophiles.

Basicity

The tendency of a chemical species to accept protons; related to nucleophilicity.

Boiling Points of Alkyl Halides

Physical property analyzed in relation to the molecular structure and intermolecular forces of alkyl halides.

Proton Transfer

A process following nucleophilic substitution where a positively charged product loses a proton.