unit 1 week 3

what percent of earths surface is water / salt / fresh?

what percent of freshwater is frozen / ground / surface

73 / 97 / 3

70 / 29 / 1

what are some unique properties of water

high specific heat, high heat vaporization , evaporative cooling, different states of matter, universal solvent, acid and base ionizations

what has greater fluid resistance water or air

obstacles of life in water

air

O2 extraction / movement and buoyancy / sensory perception / homeostasis

What organ extracts O2 on water?

what does this organ consist of?

what protetcs the gills?

How is it ventilated (2 types)?

How is O2 extracted (2 types)?

gills

primary and secondary lamellae

operculum

Buccopharyngeal pump ( pushes water out of the mouth and across the operculum )

Ram ventilation (fish swim mouth open, forcing water over their gills)

concurrent flow (same direction) or counter current

what is hypoxia? / caused by?

What are some air breathing organs of fish? / how many families / when is it used?

Low dissolved oxygen less than 2 ppm / seasonal and temp and macrophyte activity

lungs, accessory structures, respiratory epithelial / 49

faculative or obligate

How do fishes overcome buoyancy (3)?

gas bladder (bony fish)

physostomous (gasp air and burp it) ( esophagus and gas bladder)

Physoclistous (rete mirabile, where gas exchange happens, and changes PH to keep or drop oxegyn)

How do fishes overcome buoyancy no gas bladder (4)

rely on fat to float or swim fast

want to live at bottom negative buoyant

at top gulp air in stomach

at middle have a bigger liver full of lipids and helps keep you boyant also pectoral and dorsal fins

How far can humans see in water? / Why?

How are fishes and humans image focus different?

olfaction and gustation?

100m / cornea is mostly water which has a higher refraction

fish uses spherical lens

spezalized epithelium / nasal sacs / nare

What is a lateral line?

where are neuromast organs / what are they?

what do they use for hearing? / does sound travel further in air or water / how do fish hear ?

senses pressure

canal below skin that contain epidermal depressions with hairs contain kinocilium to detect water pressure

hair cells / air / through body to inner era usesing weberian apperatus

how do they sense electroreception? / what is it?

using ampullary organs (volt meters that detect electrical potential differences and are highly sensitive .01mV) / detects electrical fields

how do they genertae electrical fields? / why?

using electrical discharge organ (electroplaques which is a stack of muscle cells that dont contract and instead store electrical energy) / to navigate and feed and defend

how is nitro waste excreted?

What is ammonotely / how do fish release it?

what is ureotely?

what is uric acid?

protein digestion, deamination, produces ammonia

animals that secrete ammonia / skin, gills, urine

secrteed urea, requres energy / mammals

solid and paste / birds and reptiles

what is osmoregulation

what is osmosis

isosmolal / hypo / hyper

water and salt balance

diffusion of water

same / more water / less water

stenohaline?

euryhaline?

How do shakrs maintain isosmolal?

narrow (salt or freshwater not both)

wide (lives in both)

by pumping urea and trimethlyine oxide to detoxify urea / makes skin more salty / gills take up water

How do marine teleost maintain hypo?

how do freshwater teleost maintain hyper?

has more water inside than surrounding environment / pump out excess salts

water goes into gills / pump in salt