Psychopathy

Mental Disorder

a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individuals cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning

DSM

• applies only to mental disorders

• for profit

-approved by the American Psychiatric association

ICD

• applies to both physical and mental disorders

-Psychiatric classifications published after WW2

-Produced by the World health organization

What does ICD stand for

International classification of disease

What does DSM stand for

Diagnostic and statistical manual

Why we need classification systems

-Describe and organize symptoms

• common vocab

• helps clinicians assess disorders

-collaboration between mental health care providers

Critiques of classification systems

• medicalization of normality

-lowering diagnostic threshold

• pathologizing normal human experiences

Key elements of diagnosis

-Particular combinations of signs and symptoms grouped together

• Time frame

_significant distress or impairment in functioning

• not due to other disorder or medication

Maladaptive

Does behavior help or not

Comorbidity

Multiple disorders happening at once

Main criticisms psychiatric classifications

• "all or nothing" categories

-leading to support for dimensional approach

Agonists

Active receptor

Antagonists

Blocking receptor

Monoamines

-Dopamine

-Norepinephrine

-Serotonin

Dopamine

-Reward, pleasure, movement, learning, attention

-Recreational drugs, some antipsychotic medication

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

-Fight or flight response

-arousal

-Alertness

Serotonin

-Behavioral and emotional regulation

-Attention

-Memory

-Arousal

-Sleeping

-80% in GI tract

GABA

-Produces ONLY inhibitory post synaptic potentials

-Inhibits Neuronal activity

-Involved in the regulation of anxiety and sleep and arousal

Glutamate

-Excitatory

-Learning, memory, mood

-Important in neuronal differentiation and survival in the developing brain

-Over extinction link to neuronal death

Right hemisphere structures

Most important for emotional processing. Some evidence thatright hemisphere activation correlates with fear and sadness driven behaviours, whereas lefthemisphere correlates with approach behaviours

Amygdala

-Most important structures in the neuroanatomy of emotion

-Important for most social behaviors

-Linked to different types of pathology like autism and schizophrenia

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

-Critical role in higher order emotional processing

• Damage in vPC is linked to poor judgment and decision making

Basal Ganglia

Impaired emotional recognition and emotional facial processing

Susto

-Folk illness.

-Indigenous people experience after frightening experience

• soul lost

-insomnia

-loss of appetite

-nervous

-(PTSD)

Shenjing

-less cortisol activation

-Sexual dysfunction

-Mental fatigue

(Depression

Koro

Fear of genitals shrinking and going into body, causing obsessive tugging at genitalas

-OCD

Rumination

Thoughts of past is all that is thought about and becomes consuming

Fear

-Biological

-Has to do with something right in front of you

-Evolutionary for survival

Anxiety

-Due to real or perceived threat

-threat is characterized by physiological arousal

-becomes debilitating

-excessive and persistent

-impairs functioning

Anxiety disorders

-Separation anxiety

-specific phobia

-Panic disorder

-Agoraphobia

-social anxiety disorder

-generalized anxiety disorder

Panic disorder

-recurrent, unexpected panic attacks

-persistent worry about future attacks

-behavior change in response to the attack (avoiding situations)

Somatic Symptoms of panic attack

-sweating

-shaking

-pounding heart

-chest pain

-derealization

-numbness

Cognitive symptoms of panic attack

-fear of losing control, going crazy, or dying

Impairment of panic disorders

-Work

-School

-Relationships

-Social network

Generalized Anxiety (GAD)

-Persistent and chronic worry

• difficult to control

-accompanied by at least 3 other non specific psychological and physical symptoms

Obsession

-Core feature of OCD