Unit 1 Review

Nature Vs Nurture

Nature Vs Nurture

The belief that heredity and environment both shape behavior and mental processes.

Nature- genetic influence

Nurture- social and enviormental influences

Natural Selection

Charles Darwin’s theory of eveolutionary psychology- process in which populations will adapt and change by passing on traits that have the highest odds of survival

What are the two parts of the nervous system?

The Central and Peripheral nervous systems

Parts of the central nervous system

The brain, spinal cord, and nerves

What does the brain do?

Controls thoughts, memories, vital signs, movement, and process that regulates the body

What does the spinal cord do?

1.) send motor commands

2.) send sensory info

3.)coordinate refuses

What does the peripheral nervous system?

Network of nerves that connects the CNS to the rest of the body, responsible for trasmitting sesnory info to brain and carrying out motor commands to muscles and organs

Somatic Nervous System

in charge of voluntary control of skeletal muscle

Autonomic nervous system

glands and internal organ muscle

Sympathetic nervous system

arouses and expends energy

-blood pressure, heartbeat, digestion

Parasympathetic nervous system

calms and conserves

-opposite function of sympathetic system

What does the neuron do?

receives, intergrates, and transmits electrical signals

What does the glial cell do

supports neurons, maintains homeostasis, and forms myelin

Sensory Neuron

Function- carries messages from tissue/organs to brain

Location- sensory organs and spinal cords

Motor Neurons

function- sends instructions from brain to tissue

location- brain and spinal cord

Interneuron

Function- processes info in the brain

Location- brain and central nervous system

What parts compose the neuron?

Dendrites, nucleus, axon, cell body, and myelin sheath

What is the purpose of the refractory period?

It allows the cell to reset inbetween action potientals to avoid overstimulation and also ensures each action potential is unique

Which neurotransmitter is linked to Alchimzers?

AcH

If a person has seizures, tremors, and insomnia, they likely have an undersupply of which neurotrasmitter?

GABA

An oversupply of which neurotrasnmitter may overstimulate the brain, producing migraines or seizures?

Glutamate

An oversupply of which neurotrasmitter is linked to schizophrenia, but undersupply may cause tremors?

Dopamine

The undersupply of which nneurotrasnmitter is linked to depression?

Serotonin

If Paul has a depressed mood, which neurotransmitters may be involved?

Serotonin or norepinephrine

If Hanna is taking depressants, what symptoms will she experience?

Calm neural activity and slowed body functions

Caffeine and nicotine are what type of psychoactive drug?

Stimulants

If Yasmeen has distorted perceptions and sensory images evoked while there is a lack of sensory output, what kind of psychoactive drug is she taking?

Hallucinogens

What does cocaine do to the body?

It enters the blood stream and depletes supplies of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine

What does opiates do to the body?

It causes short term pleasure but continued use will cause the brain to crave more, eventually causing the body to stop producing its own endorphins

What symptoms are related to alcohol?

Disinhibiyion, slowed neural processing, memory disruption, and reduced self awareness or control

What are the three influences of drug use catergorized as with an example?

Biological- genetics

Social- peer influences

Psychological- psychological disorders such as depression

What finding provides the strongest evidence for the role of heredity in intellectual performance?

identical twins reared apart have more similar intelligence test scores than do fraternal twins reared together

In their discussions of the process of development, the advocates of nature in the nature-nurture controversy emphasize which of the followin? (socialization, cognition, maturation, or experience)

cognition

Does the hippocampus have a larger involvement in short or long term memory?

Long-term

What is the correct sequence of the reflex arc of events set in motion by an enironmental stimulus?

receptors, sesnory neurpns, interneurons, motor neurons

The area of the brain stem that is important in controlling breathing is the ___

medulla

electrically stimulating a rat’s amygalda would most likely produce what response

agression or extreme fear

As a child, Annie had a serious fall that damaged her cerebbellum. Out of the following memory systems (prospective, echoic, semantic, procedural) which would be most afffected by this?

procedural

The limbic system is most closely associated witth

emotion

billy traveled and now has jet lag. This experience is most linked to what?

a circadian rhythym disruption

The network of structures involved in emotion, motivation and memory is the

limbic system

If Yasmeen has a hard time staying awake in class, which part of the brain is likely responsible?

reticular formation (RAS)

Brain damage that allows a person to understand speech but the inabiloity to produce speech indicates an injury to which area?

Broca’s area

What is considered an antagonist?

A substance that blocks a neurotransmitter

What is true of a neuron in the resting state?

The inside of a cell membrane is negative compared to the outside

Briana went through a surgical removal of the left hemisphere of her brain but was able to recover his functions. Which concept is this?

Brain plasticity

Damage to the cerebellum would most likely result in which followng problem? (aphasia, increased aggression, loss of motor cord, or persoanlity change)

loss of motor cordination

A person with damage to Broca’s area would mosr likely demonstrate what symptom?

difficulty with speech production

A sample of living neural tissue is being studied under a microscope. What type of research is being conducted?

naturalistic observation

activation of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system results in what

increased respiratory rate

REM is accompanied by what paradoxical characteristic?

lowered muscle tone but brain activty as if awake

Antagonist

binds to brain receptor and reduces effect of neurotransmitter

Agonists

occupy recepts and activates them

What is the order of neural firing?

neuron fires

synpatic vesicles release neurotrnasmitters from axo terminals

neurotransmitters travel across synpase and fit into receptor site

What are the parts involved in neural firing of the neuron?

sodium ions travel through dendrites to nucleus (action potiental located) then toi the axon (where myelin sheath is) and then to axon terminals to synapses then repeat

What is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter?

glutamate

enhances learning and memory

what is the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter?

GABA

What neurotransmitter does all movement involve?

AcH

What does cocaine inhibit?

The reputake of dopamine- dopamine left there longer

Whatat side of the brain is language almost exclusively controlled on?

Left side