Year 10 Geography

What are the 4 S's?

Source, Sink, Spiritual, Service

What is Source?

The natural resources which have originated directly from the biophysical environment.

What is an example of source?

Water, soil, timber, fish stocks, minerals and fossil fuels.

What is Sink?

It is the way in which the environment deals with what is created to sustain the biophysical environments.

What is an example of sink?

When decomposers break apart complex organic materials into more elementary substances such as water and carbon dioxide or simple compounds such as nitrogen. These elementary substances are then reabsorbed into the food chain to create life.

What is Spiritual?

Environments also provide opportunity for recreational, psychological, aesthetic and spiritual value for humans which is known as its spiritual function.

What is an example of spiritual?

The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have very strong spiritual links to the land based on their beliefs of the Dreamtime.

What is Service?

Environments ability to sustain life by provide essential services support life without requiring human action.

What is an example of service?

The way in which earth's ozone layer helps to screen out ultraviolet radiation is also illustrative of the earth's service function.

What is an example of human-induced change in the atmosphere?

The greenhouse effect is essential to life on Earth, but human-made emissions in the atmosphere are trapping and slowing heat loss to space.

What is an example of human-induced change in the lithosphere?

Farming, building structures (urbanisation), mining, and all manner of activities that change the original structure of the crust and upper mantle.

What is an example of human-induced change in the biosphere?

Overpopulation, pollution, burning fossil fuels, and deforestation. Changes like these have triggered climate change, soil erosion, poor air quality, and undrinkable water.

What is an example of human-induced change in the hydrosphere?

Water pollution, river damming, wetland drainage, climate change, and irrigation have all changed the hydrosphere. Eutrophication caused by the release of fertilisers and sewage into water storage areas has caused aquatic environments to be artificially enriched with nutrients.

What are the Aeolian processes?

Erosion, transportation and deposition.

What is erosion?

Erosion is the geological process in which earthen materials are worn away and transported by natural forces such as wind or water.

What is transportation?

The movement of material in the sea and along the coast by waves.

What is deposition?

The geological process where material is added to a land (or a landform).

What are the hydraulic processes?

Hydraulic action, corrasion, corrosion, transportation and deposition.

What is hydraulic action?

The force of the waves hitting the shore.

What is corrasion?

When waves hurl material such as sand or rocks against the shore, or when waves roll particles back and forth across the shore.

What is corrosion?

When weaker layers of rock dissolve or disintegrate because of sea salt.

How is natural vegetation used on coasts?

Natural vegetation stabilises the surface against wind erosion and provides habitat for wildlife.

First, plant roots hold sediment in place, helping to stabilise the areas where they are planted.

Second, by absorbing water, breaking the impact of raindrops or wave-splash, and physically slowing the speed and diffusing the flow of overland runoff, plants reduce runoff erosion.

What are some examples of human-induced erosion?

Road erosion, house construction, steep slope cultivation, tourism development, and animal trampling.

What does human-induced erosion cause?

These activities destroy surface vegetation and increase the potential for soil loss through exposed swallow holes.

What are some examples of natural-induced erosion?

Hydraulic (e.g. corrosion and corrasion) and Aeolian (e.g. erosion, transportation) processes.

What are the hard coastal management strategies?

Sea walls, groyens, rock bars, rock gabions, metal piling, rip rap and revetments.

What are the soft coastal management strategies?

Sand replenishment, stabilising sand dunes, revegetation and board walks.

What is urban growth?

It is an increase in the absolute size of an urban population.

What is urbanisation?

The increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities.

What is urban consolidation?

The process of increasing and/or maintaining the density of housing in established residential areas in order to increase or maintain the population densities of those areas.

What is urban sprawl?

The spreading of urban developments on undeveloped land near a city.

What is suburbanisation?

A population shift from central urban areas into suburbs, resulting in the formation of (sub)urban sprawl.

What is globalisation?

The process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange.

What are push and pull factors?

Push factors “push” people away from their home and include things like war.
Pull factors “pull” people to a new home and include things like better opportunities.

What is rural-urban migration?

The movement of people from rural areas into cities, either permanently or semipermanently.

What is a mega city?

A very large city, typically with a population of more than 10 million people.

What is a world city?

They are often the most important cities in the world in terms of economic and cultural impacts.
These cities, such as London, New York and Paris, are not always the largest cities, but they play an important role in economic links with other countries.

What are some of the pull factors in China?

- Development and re-development of industrialised cities.
- Non-agricultural people allowed to receive benefits if living in rural areas (only agricultural before, people moved to rural areas).
- Factories moved inland for protection from war, families moved too.
- Benefits law was changed and people moved back to urbanised places.
- Special economic zones created on coasts, led to population growth in these areas and increase in jobs.
- Chinese government encouraged growth of urban areas and migration.

What are some of the push factors in China?

- Food shortages caused migration to agricultural areas.
- Benefits law was changed and urban area benefits revoked.
- Lack of investment in urban areas caused living there less accessible.

What are the similarities between China and Australia's urban settlement patterns?

- Most people live in urban areas.
- Large cities will continue to increase and grow.
- Both countries are large trading partners with each other that help grow the economic aspects.
- Both heavily populated on the east coasts.
- Limited settlement inland
- West coast less populated

What are the differences between China and Australia's urban settlement patterns?

China:
- 56% of Chinese live in cities.
- China sprawls farther inland
- China has higher density of population (more people per square km)
- 0.1% of Chinese born overseas - 1.4 million people

Australia:
- 90% of Australians live in cities
- 29.8% population born overseas - 7.6 million people
- Most migrants live in WA, VIC and NSW