PBS review

cancer

the uncontrollable division of cells, these spread into other tissues

what causes cancer

certain changes to genes

benign

abnormal growth of cells, but in a capsule slow growing, non cancerous, won’t metastasize, cells are normal

malignant

abnormal growth of cells, fast growing, cells abnormal with dark nucleus, likely to metastasize

metastasis

the spreading of abnormal cells to a new area of the body

first phase of mitosis

interphase

second phase of mitosis

prophase

third phase of mitosis

metaphase

fourth phase of mitosis

anaphase

last phase of mitosis

telophase + cytokinesis

what is interphase

dna replicates so that there are two copies of each chromosome. each identical copy is referred to as sister chromatids

what is prophase

chromosomes condense and become visible under a light microscope, and they pair up with their sister chromatids. the mitotic spindle forms and the nuclear envelope disappears

what is metaphase

chromosomes line up at the center of the cell. fibers attach to each of the sister chromatids.

what is anaphase

each chromosome separates and the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell by the fibers

what is telophase + cytokinesis

the cell splits into two. each new “daughter” cell looks identical to the original cell

eukaryotic

the cells found in plants and animals

tumor

abnormal growth of tissue that can be cancerous or benign

homologous chromosomes

chromosome pair in which one came from mom and one from dad - have the same genes but different alleles

centromere

the place where the sister chromatids attach, the “middle” of the chromosomes

dna replication

the copying of DNA to make new cells

chromatids

identical chromosomes made during mitosis & separated during telophase

somatic cells

the kinds of cells that are not sex cells

chromosomes

packages of DNA, 46 in human somatic cells

what is a mutation

a change in dna sequence in a cell

what is the sickle cell mutation

when a dna base is changed and affects the hemoglobin protein. this affects the overall shape and chemistry of the red blood cell.