Nutrition Exam 3

Study Girl!!!

Metabolism

 Is the sum total of all the chemical reactions that go on in living cells.

Anabolism

Build more complex compounds

Catabolism

Break down compounds further 

What is the major energy carrier in most cells?

ATP

What is glycolysis?

• (Glucose Breakdown) (Glu—>Pry)

• Reversible

• Anaerobic

• Produces ATP

Catabolism of Glucose?

Glucose to Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA to TCA Cycle to ETC

Catabolism of Lipids?

Glycerol to Pyruvate; Fatty Acids to Acetyl CoA

Catabolism of Proteins?

Amino Acids to Pyruvate, Acetyl CoA, or TCA Cycle

Can pyruvate be converted back to glucose?

Yes, through gluconeogenesis, pyruvate can be converted back to glucose in the liver.

Can acetyl CoA be converted back to glucose?

No, acetyl CoA cannot be converted back to glucose due to the irreversible steps in the citric acid cycle.

Can fatty acids be used to make glucose?

No, fatty acids cannot be converted to glucose because they are metabolized exclusively into acetyl CoA.

Anaerobic vs. Aerobic

Anaerobic: Without Oxygen

Aerobic: With Oxygen

Which nutrients, in excess, can be stored as fat?

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

What happens during fasting?

Blood nutrients for energy 1st, then to glycogen storage, that fat and protein 

What are factors that influence the ease and difficulty of weight loss/gain?

hormones, enzymes, muscle fiber type, brain perceptions 

Hunger

the physiological drive for food that initiates food-seeking behavior

Satiation

Feeling of fullness that occurs during a meal and halts eating.

Satiety

The feeling of fullness that occurs after a meal and inhibits eating until the next meal 

What is the reasonable rate of weight loss?

-½ to 2 pounds per week

-10% body weight in 6 months

What is the Thermic Effect of Food?

10% of total kcals

Physical Activity?

30-50% of total kcals

Body Mass Index-definition, indicator of body composition?

classifications for healthy weight, underweight, obese

What are the factors that affect Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?

Age, hight, growth, body composition, fever, stresses, environmental temperature, fasting/starvation, malnutrition, hormones, smoking, caffeine, sleep.

Ideal Body Fat% for Men and Women?

-Men: less than 22%

-Women: less than 32%

Android v.s Gynoid Obesity 

Android vs. Gynoid Obesity:

• Android: “apple-shaped”: 

• Fat is stored around the organs of the abdomen

• Associated with increased risks of HD, stroke, DM, HTN

Gynoid:  “pear-shaped”:

• Fat is stored around the hips and thighs

• Associated with less risks

What are the waist circumference associated with risks for men and women

Men: >40 inches, Women: >35 inches

What are the waist-to-hip ratio associated with risks for men and women

• ≥ 0.8 women

• ≥ 0.9 men

Energy "out"/components of energy expenditure) include?

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), Thermic Effect of Food (TEF), and Physical Activity (plus NEAT).

What are the recommendations for physical activity?

most days per week or five days per week for 1 hour per day

What is the fad diet?

promotes quick weight loss

What is the percentage of the population that is overweight or obese?

70% of Americans are obese

40% of people in Arkansas are obese

What are the reasonable weight gain concepts?

Include juice and milk between meals, include nutrient-dense and energy-dense foods, include exercise and weight resistance training

Best approach to weight loss=

diet + physical activity increase energy expenditure and decrease energy intake

What is the minimum # of kcals necessary to ensure nutritional adequacy?

1200

What is the Female Athlete Triad?

Eating Disorder, Amenorrhea, Osteoporosis

Eating Disorder

Restrictive dieting

Overexercising

Weight loss

Lack of Body fat

Amenorrhea

Characterized by low blood estrogen, infertility, and often bone losses

Diminished hormones

Osteroporosis

Loss of bone calcium