Chapter 1: Scientific Bases of Psychology

Testable Hypothesis

Testable Hypothesis

A prediction derived from a theory that can be tested to either reject or revise the theory.

Operational Definitions

Statements outlining the procedures used to define research variables, aiding in replicating observations.

Positive Correlation

Direct relationship where an increase in one variable corresponds to an increase in another.

Negative Correlation

Relationship where an increase in one variable leads to a decrease in another.

Casual Relationships

Occur when one variable causes a change in another, investigated through experimental research.

Naturalistic Observation

Observing behavior in natural settings without manipulation.

Case Studies

In-depth study of one individual to reveal universal principles.

Surveys

Technique to gather self-reported attitudes or behaviors from a representative sample.

Correlational Research

Initial step before experimentation to establish relationships between variables.

Sampling

Representative portion of a whole for research purposes.

Assignment to Groups

Random selection of participants into controlled and experimental groups.

Independent Variable

Factor manipulated in an experiment to observe its effect.

Dependent Variable

Factor being measured in response to changes in the independent variable.

Placebo

Inert substance given to satisfy participant expectations in a controlled experiment.

Experimenter Bias

Bias introduced by the experimenter's expectations subtly influencing participants.

Replication

Repeating a study with different participants to validate findings.

Measures of Central Tendency

Described by mode, mean, and median to represent data.

Measures of Variability

Range and Standard Deviation show the spread of scores around the mean.

Normal Curve

Bell-shaped curve representing a normal distribution of data.

Test of Significance

Ensures data is representative, consistent, and large enough for reliable results.

Statistical Significance

Indicates the likelihood of results occurring by chance, not their importance.

Confidentiality

Ethical principle ensuring the secrecy of patient information unless consent is given.

Debriefing

Systematic questioning post-research to gather useful information.