CVS

Heart Anatomy

The heart consists of four chambers:two atria and two ventricles.

Tricuspid Valve

Valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle.

Pulmonary Valve

Valve located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery.

Mitral Valve

Valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle.

Aortic Valve

Valve located between the left ventricle and aorta.

Inferior Vena Cava

Carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right side of the heart.

Superior Vena Cava

Drains deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right side of the heart.

Pulmonary Arteries

Carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

Pulmonary Veins

Return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left side of the heart.

Aorta

Main artery that carries oxygenated blood to the body.

Systemic Circulation

Process where oxygen-rich blood is pumped from the left ventricle to the body.

Pulmonary Circulation

Process where oxygen-poor blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation.

S1 (First Heart Sound)

Sound created by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the beginning of systole.

S2 (Second Heart Sound)

Sound created by the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves at the end of systole.

Murmurs

Abnormal heart sounds caused by turbulent blood flow due to valve issues.

Systolic Murmurs

Occur between S1 and S2, indicating issues like aortic stenosis.

Diastolic Murmurs

Occur between S2 and the next S1, indicating issues like aortic regurgitation.

S3 (Third Heart Sound)

May indicate heart failure in older adults; occurs just after S2.

S4 (Fourth Heart Sound)

Often indicates a stiff ventricle; occurs just before S1.

Heart Failure

Condition characterized by the heart's inability to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.

Signs of Heart Failure

Include shortness of breath, edema, fatigue, and irregular heartbeat.

Right-Sided Heart Failure

Characterized by symptoms like JVD, peripheral edema, and ascites.

Left-Sided Heart Failure

Characterized by symptoms like dyspnea on exertion and orthopnea.

Crackles/Rales

Lung sounds heard in left-sided heart failure due to fluid in the alveoli.

Wheezes

May occur in heart failure due to bronchoconstriction or fluid accumulation.

peripheral edema

related to right-sided heart failure

swelling of the legs and feet due to fluid accumulation and the fluid may lead to crackles or wheezes if ti causes pulmonary congestion

ascites

related to right-sided heart failure

fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity