2.1.3 Nucleic acid structure

Nucleotide

The monomer from which nucleic acids are made, consisting of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Purines and Pyrimidines

Two types of nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids, with purines having a double-ring structure (Adenine and Guanine) and pyrimidines having a single-ring structure (Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil).

Phosphodiester bond

The bond that joins nucleotides together in polynucleotides by linking the phosphate group of one nucleotide to the carbon 3 of another nucleotide.

Complementary base pairing

The specific pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA, where Adenine pairs with Thymine (or Uracil in RNA) with two hydrogen bonds, and Cytosine pairs with Guanine with three hydrogen bonds.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, a molecule that stores and transfers energy in cells, formed by adding a phosphate group to ADP during aerobic respiration and releasing energy when the phosphate group is removed.

ATPase

An enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy.

Regeneration of ATP

The process of reforming ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate, ensuring a constant supply of energy in cells.

Energy efficiency of ATP hydrolysis

The controlled release of energy during ATP hydrolysis, providing just the right amount of energy for cellular functions without excessive waste.