OIA1004 (TERMS) GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM

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178 Terms

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Gastrointestinal Tract

Continuous muscular tube from mouth to anus.

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Accessory Digestive Organs

Organs aiding digestion, e.g., liver, pancreas.

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Ingestion

Taking food into the gastrointestinal tract.

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Secretion

Release of digestive fluids into GI lumen.

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Mixing and Propulsion

Churning and moving food through GI tract.

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Digestion

Breakdown of food into smaller molecules.

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Mechanical Digestion

Physical breakdown of food, e.g., chewing.

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Chemical Digestion

Enzymatic breakdown of food molecules.

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Absorption

Transfer of nutrients into blood and lymph.

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Defaecation

Elimination of waste products from the body.

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Peristalsis

Wave-like muscle contractions moving food forward.

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Segmentation

Rhythmic contractions mixing food in intestines.

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Gastric Juice Composition

Includes acid, enzymes, and buffers for digestion.

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Small Intestine

Primary site for nutrient absorption.

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Enteric Nervous System

Intrinsic nervous system controlling GI functions.

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Myenteric Plexus

Controls GI motility and muscle contractions.

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Submucosal Plexus

Regulates secretions in the GI tract.

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Autonomic Nervous System

Extrinsic control affecting GI activity.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

Stimulates digestive processes and secretion.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

Inhibits digestive activity and secretion.

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Neural Reflex Pathways

Responses initiated by stimuli affecting digestion.

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Motility

Capability of GI tract to mix and move material.

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GIT Length

Approximately 5 to 7 meters long.

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Oral Cavity

Space from gums and teeth to fauces.

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Salivary Glands

Secrete saliva into oral cavity.

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Extrinsic Salivary Glands

Three pairs of glands outside the oral cavity.

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Intrinsic Salivary Glands

Small glands scattered throughout oral mucosa.

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Mucous Cells

Secrete viscous mucus in saliva.

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Serous Cells

Produce watery secretion with enzymes.

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Parotid Gland

Contains only serous cells.

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Submandibular Gland

Has equal serous and mucous cells.

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Sublingual Gland

Primarily composed of mucous cells.

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Composition of Saliva

99.5% water, 0.5% electrolytes and enzymes.

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Salivary Amylase

Enzyme that breaks down starches.

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Electrolytes in Saliva

Activate amylase and buffer acidic foods.

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Lysozyme

Antibacterial compound found in saliva.

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Control of Salivation

Regulated by autonomic nervous system.

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Parasympathetic Stimulation

Increases saliva secretion for lubrication.

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Sympathetic Stimulation

Decreases saliva, causing dry mouth.

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Lingual Frenulum

Secures tongue to floor of mouth.

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Extrinsic Tongue Muscles

Maneuver food and hold tongue position.

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Intrinsic Tongue Muscles

Alter tongue shape for speech and swallowing.

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Teeth

Accessory organs for chewing food.

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Dentin

Calcified tissue providing tooth shape and rigidity.

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Bolus

Soft mass of food ready for swallowing.

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Monosaccharides

Simple sugars absorbed directly into bloodstream.

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Lactose

Disaccharide sugar found in milk.

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Fructose

Fruit sugar, a type of monosaccharide.

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Lingual Lipase

Enzyme that breaks down triglycerides in mouth.

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Pharynx

Common passage for digestive and respiratory systems.

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Nasopharynx

Part of pharynx for respiration only.

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Oropharynx

Part of pharynx for digestion and respiration.

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Laryngopharynx

Part of pharynx for digestion and respiration.

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Peristalsis

Muscular contractions propelling food to esophagus.

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Oesophagus

Muscular tube transporting food to stomach.

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Upper Oesophageal Sphincter (UES)

Regulates food movement from mouth to esophagus.

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Lower Oesophageal Sphincter (LES)

Regulates food movement from esophagus to stomach.

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Deglutition

Swallowing process involving multiple muscle groups.

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Buccal Phase

Voluntary phase of swallowing using tongue.

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Pharyngeal Phase

Involuntary phase triggered by tactile receptors.

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Esophageal Phase

Involuntary phase moving bolus to stomach.

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Stomach

J-shaped organ mixing food and gastric juices.

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Chyme

Semi-liquid mixture of food and gastric juice.

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Gastric Juice

Digestive fluid containing HCl and enzymes.

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Intrinsic Factor

Protein necessary for vitamin B12 absorption.

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Gastrin

Hormone stimulating gastric acid secretion.

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Mucous Neck Cells

Secrete alkaline mucus protecting stomach lining.

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Chief Cells

Produce pepsinogen, inactive form of pepsin.

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Parietal Cells

Secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) in stomach.

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B12 absorption

Process of absorbing vitamin B12 in intestines.

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Pepsinogen

Inactive enzyme converted to pepsin for protein digestion.

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Pepsin

Active enzyme that breaks down proteins into peptides.

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Gastric Lipase

Enzyme that digests triglycerides into fatty acids.

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Gastrin hormone

Hormone that stimulates gastric acid secretion.

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Mechanical digestion

Physical breakdown of food via muscular contractions.

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Mixing waves

Peristaltic movements mixing food with gastric juice.

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Chyme

Semi-liquid mixture of food and gastric juices.

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Pylorus

Region regulating chyme passage to the duodenum.

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Peristaltic waves

Rhythmic contractions moving food toward pylorus.

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Chemical digestion

Breakdown of food by enzymes and acids.

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HCl

Hydrochloric acid aiding digestion and killing microbes.

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Parietal cells

Cells secreting H+ and Cl- to form HCl.

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Proton pump

Transport mechanism secreting H+ ions into lumen.

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ACh

Neurotransmitter stimulating gastric acid secretion.

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Gastric juice

Digestive fluid containing enzymes and acids.

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Pancreatic juice

Digestive fluid secreted by pancreas into intestines.

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Sodium bicarbonate

Buffers gastric juice, creating alkaline pH.

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Pancreatic amylase

Enzyme digesting starches into simpler sugars.

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Trypsin

Enzyme breaking down proteins into peptides.

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Hepatocytes

Liver cells performing metabolic and secretory functions.

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Islets of Langerhans

Endocrine cells in pancreas secreting hormones.

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Ribonuclease

Enzyme digesting RNA into nucleotides.

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Deoxyribonuclease

Enzyme digesting DNA into nucleotides.

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Bile canaliculi

Ducts collecting bile between hepatocytes.

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Common hepatic duct

Bile duct from liver merging with cystic duct.

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Cystic duct

Duct connecting gallbladder to common bile duct.

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Common bile duct

Duct transporting bile to the duodenum.

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Hepatic sinusoids

Capillaries between hepatocytes for blood exchange.

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Hepatic artery

Supplies oxygenated blood to the liver.

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Hepatic portal vein

Carries nutrient-rich blood to the liver.