my latin history everything

archaeological evidence

material artifacts recovered by excavation.

examples of archaeological evidence

pottery shards,moisaics, remains of buildings

inscriptional evidence

words carved into tombs / stone

examples of inscriptional evidence

tombs

literary evidence

written evidence

examples of literary evidence

books, plays, letters

epitaph

the phrase / inscription for the memory of someone on a tombstone.

limitations of epitaphs

only said nice things about the person
not everyone had one

presentism ( anachronism )

when present day ideas go back to the past

anthropomorphism

human forms / attributes to something non human

examples of anthropomorphism

all gods ( literal personification )

lararium

household shrine

libation

sacrafice poor people do ( food / wine offering )

polytheism

belief in more than one god

votive offering

object dedicated to god left in a temple

role of women in ancient rome

the most important function was to have babies ( particularly boys )
their only duty was to raise children, maintain the household and fetch water / wool / fire.
they couldn't choose their husbands
they had their father's name and a number
they could divorce their husbands

role of slaves in ancient rome

seen as objects - owned and cannot escape
anyone could become a slave
they are named by their master
forbidden to marry, personal possesions make decisions or be protected by the court of law
3 slaves : 5 free citizens

what kind of romans owned slaves?

most families own 1/2 - the more wealthy the more slaves they own
slavery was regarded as necessary and normal
they were not regarded as human beings but should be bought sold and treated badly ( depends )

how can someone become a slave?

being born into it
captured by pirates
taken as prisoners of war

what were slaves jobs?

farmers, shepherds, cowards, secretaries, cooks, gardeners, servants.
the strongest got to be gladiators

who were the most powerful group in society?

senators

senators facts

had the power to influence decisions and decide who would become emporer.
cannot be businessman.
dedicated to politics
landlords ( uses blackmail for the vote )

who were second role in roman society

equites

who were equites

business men
equites means knight
they could pay to move up the pyramid

who were 3rd in roman society?

freedmen

freedmen facts

they could not be roman citizens
they can never move up the pyramid
their children had full rights
they continue to work for their former master

who were at the bottmon of the pyramid?

slaves

where did gladiatorial contests take place?

ampitheatres

what was the entrance fee?

it was free

who ran the show?

wealthy people / sometimes the emporer

who were gladiators

slaves, criminals, prisoners of war, or volunteers

how did the fight end?

death or surrender
sponser of the show would decide their fate and crowd would do thumbs up ( death ) or thumbs down ( don't kill )

when did spectators arrive?

early in the morning

what was the meaning behind giving a gladiator a wooden sword?

it was the highest honour and meant they didn't have to fight again

what is a bestiarius?

a beast fighter
hunts wild animals
uses spear / knife / dagger

whats a secutor?

gladiator that has a full suit of armour, long sheild and a short sword.

whats a scissor?

gladiator that has full suit of armour, short dagger and a weapon on his hand which he uses to trap the opponent

what is a retiarius

a popular gladiator with a three-pronged trident and net which he traps his opponant in and an arm and chest guard.

what is a samunite

gladiator with a sharp sword, large sheild and a helmet with a plume of feathers across the top.

whats a thracian

gladiator with a large helmet, a small sword and a throcian curved sword.

whats a murmillo

a very popular gladiator as they re based on samunites - romes early enemies - has a square sheild, a long sword and a fish-crested helmet.

whats a dimachaeri

a lightly armoured gladiator for quick fights with 2 large curved swords

whats an eques?

a gldiator that fights on horseback. they carry a long spear and sword and they only fight other eques

whats a hoplochus

a gldiator based on the hoplite ( greek soldier ) unpopular with romans (boooooo) they have a plume of featheres on their helmet and carry a spear, little armour and a small sheild.

whats an editor

the person who paid for and produced the games.

whos the lanista

the owner / trainer of a group of gladiators

whos the lorarius

an attendant who whipped the animals / combatants who did not want to fight.

who is the rudis

a referee used to separate combatants (named after wooden staff).

what is a venator?

someone who specialises in hunting and performing tricks alongside wild animals.

satire meaning

using humour / shock to fix a problem and bring about change.

where did wealthy romans live?

in villas where they had slaves / gardens

where did regular romans live?

blocks of flats

what was the triclinium?

dining room - where wealthy romans would eat

describe the triclinium

three couches surrounding a circular table
room is decorated beautifully with mosaics, statues, evening entertainment, paintings and murals so the guests would know how wealthy they are.

who are aristocrats

business men who would have long serious conversations about politics.

what food did wealthy romans eat?

bread, fish, meat, honey, grapes, cheese, peacock

what evidence is there for roman food?

paintings, mosaics, diaries, tomb evidence, recipe books

what food did poor romans eat?

bread, cheese, takeaway hot dogs

what is a sarcophagus?

a tomb

what is the circus maximus?

the biggest arena where chariot racing took place.

what was the most dangerous part of the track?

the "meta" the turning point of the track

what is the backbone of the arena called?

the spina

how many spectators could it hold

250000

what is a quadriga?

4 horse chariot

what is a faetio?

the teams (red, white, green, blue )

how many laps do they do?

7

what marks the end of a lap?

a dolphin / egg statue

whats a common comparison of chariot racing to modern day sport event?

formula one - very dangerous , similar track , multiple cars owned by the company are able to race.

what were charioteers called?

auriga / agitator

what is fuor circensis

mass hysteria some spectators experienced - eating/ fighting/ drinking to excess

what does " ludi romani " mean

Roman games

who did the roman games honour?

jupiter

who were actors?

slaves - not respected.

what were actors forbidden from doing?

joining the military / voting.

what is the job of the aedile / praetor?

he took charge of the festival

wat kind of events took place in the theatre?

roman plays, pantomines, chariot racing, sea battles, executions.

who is a pantomimus?

a pantomine performer

who is a histrio?

an actor / performer

what is a pantomime?

a modern mime acting out a myth / legend.

what is a tragedy?

tragedies adapted from the greek.

what is a comedy?

a modern pantomime.

what is a stock character?

a stereotypical character.

adulescens character :

an unmarried man - love interest that occurs in a wedding.

miles gloriosus character :

arrogant soldier - gullible, cowardly and boastful ( eg. gaston )

parasitus character :

best friend of the miles gloriosus ( eg. le fou. )

servus callidus character :

clever slave who helps the master with his problems.

pantheon definition :

a small group of people or things that are considered to be the most important.

examples of a pantheon :

jupiter / venus / mars

religio definition :

the correct worship of state gods

reigio characteristics :

outward declaration of faith - sacrafices, public declarations etc.

what do we refer to roman beliefs as?

roman state religion.

what is xenia?

greek concept of guest friendship - where you have to be hospitable / kind to strangers who wish to stay the night so they do not upset the gods.

who is the god of xenia?

jupiter

what do the stairs symbolise in a temple?

it is a raised platform as the gods are above mankind ( putting them on a pedestal ) and allows romans to be closer to them.

why do temples have pillars?

romans stole them from the greek.

what is the cella in a temple?

the holyest place - the main floor, god's private home, where a statue to the god is.

what is a cult statue?

a statue dedicated to one god.

Altar (Temple)

where the sacrafices were left, can move throughout the temple.

what shape were temples?

rectangular

what is a sanctuary?

the holy area in a town.