Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy Vs. Physiology

Anatomy is a study of the structures, body and organization.

Physiology studies the function of these parts.

Bio=

Life

Logy=

The study of

Curiosity and interest in the body, most likely arouse out of necessity:

Disease & Injury

What are the basis of the language of anatomy and physiology?

Greek and Latin words

Scientific method

Observation question, hypothesis, test hypothesis, analyze results, report findings

Levels of organization

Atoms, Molecules, Micro molecules, Organelles, cells, Tissue, Organs, Organ systems, Organisms

Chemicals

Atoms are the smallest unit of a chemical, Molecules consist of two or more atoms and micro molecules are larger particles composed a small molecules bound together.

Organelles

adjectives of micro molecules used to carry out a specific function in the cell.

Cells

The basic unit of the structure and function in all living things.

Tissue

groups of cells that function together

Organs

A group of tissues with specialized functions

Organ system

groups of organisms that function together

Organisms

Composed of organ systems functioning together

Characteristics of life

Growth, reproduction, responsiveness, movement, metabolism

Growth

Increase in body size and number of cells

Reproduction

Production of new organisms or cells

Responsiveness

Reaction to internal or external change

Movement

Change in position of the body or a body part (motion of internal change)

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions going on

(Respiration, digestion, circulation, excretion )

Maintenance of life

Water, heat, pressure, food, oxygen

Water

Most abundant chemical in the body and is required for many metabolic processes

Heat

Energy produced in metabolic reaction and temp controls reaction rates in body

Pressure

Needed for breathing and to mood blood through vessels

Food

Quality and quantity of nutrients

Oxygen

Used to release energy from food

Hemostasis

Hemostasis is a maintenance of a stable internal environment, despite the external environment change.

Hemostatic mechanisms

Self regulated control system that the body uses to maintain hemostasis

Negative feedback & Positive Feedback

Negative feedback reduces or reverses change to get back to a stable set point.

Positive feedback encourages change moving farther from its set point.(mainly happens in childbirth to set contraction to complete the process)

Hemostatic mechanisms

Receptors: Structures that monitor change from a set point and provide information about change in specific Condition.

Set point: The normal value for something, this is what the body tries to maintain. For example, the set point for a body temperature is 98.6 Fahrenheit.

Effectors: muscle cells or glands that respond to a change and restore the body back to its set point.

How does the organ system contribute to hemostasis

digestive system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, urinary and respiratory system

Digestive system

Brings nutrients into the body

Respiratory system

Brings oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide

Cardiovascular system

Distributes oxygen and nutrients to body cells and transports waste away from them

Urinary system

Removes waste from the body

Atoms structure

A nucleus surrounded by electrons the nucleus is composed of protons that are positively charged and neutrons that are neutrally charged. The electrons are much smaller than protons and neutrons and carry negative charge.

What is matter?

Matter is composed of elements and is anything that has weight and takes up space.

Three most common states of matter

Solid, liquid, and gas

What is an element?

Elements are the smallest unit of matter

Oxygen

O

Carbon

C

Hydrogen

H

Nitrogen

N

Calcium

Ca

Phosphorus

P

Potassium

K

Sulfur

S

Sodium

Na

Chlorine

CI

Magnesium

Mg

What is a chemical?

any substance or compound that has a known structure

Chemical bond

When two or more atoms come together

Ionic Bond

When an atom gains or loses electrons, it becomes charged and called an ion.

Covalent Bond

Another way at find stability in sharing electrons.

Polar Colvant Bond

When some molecule share electrons unequally

Hydrogen Bond

A unique nickname for a week, attractive force that occurs between polar regions and water molecules.

Molecule formation

when two more atoms come together in a chemical bond

Compound

When different elements combine

Micromolecule structure

Micro molecules are large organic compound made up of similar units such as carbohydrates(sugar), lipids(fat), proteins(meat), and nucleic acids( DNA/RNA).

Carbohydrates function

To provide energy for cell activity (Energy storage and support)

Lipids

Organic substances that are insoluble water

Protein

Essential for numerous functions such as structural support, energy source, hormones, receptors, antibodies, and enzymes

Nucleic acid

Large organic molecules from the genetic components of DNA and RNA

Synthesis vs. Decomposition reactions

Synthesis reactions build molecules while decomposition reactions break them apart( Decomposition often requiring more energy to break bonds)

pH scale

The pH scale measures acidity or alkalinity of a solution typically ranging from 0 to 14.

Acid vs Bases

Acid and basis are defined by their ability to donate except hydrogen ions.

1. Acids are substances that donate hydrogen ions (Under 7)

2. Base Is a substance that accepts hydrogen ions (Over 7)

3. Neutral (=7)

Buffers

help control sudden changes in your pH when small amounts of acid or base get released in the body.

Ions: Anions vs Cations

Cations are positively charged ions formed by losing electrons

Anions are negatively charged ions formed by gaining electrons.

Structure of water molecule

A water molecule has a bend structure, consisting of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms.

Role of enzymes and chemical reactions

Enzymes are proteins that help speed up metabolism.

Cell structure

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane

Nucleus

Control center of the cell, Stores, DNA, coordinates activities like growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell and produces ATP through the cellular respiration

Ribosomes

Tiny spherical structure, composed of RNA and protein provides structural support and enzyme activity for protein synthesis. (Found in the cytoplasm or bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum)

Endoplasmic reticulum

A transport network throughout the cell.

Roughy ER contains ribosomes and makes protein, while smoothie ER does not contain ribosomes and makes lipids, Detoxification.

Vesicles

Membrus sec that serves many purposes, such as storage or transport of substance within or between cells.

Golgi apparatus

Is composed of flattened, membrus sac and refines , packages, and transport proteins and lipids.

lysosomes

Contains digestive enzymes to break down waste

Cytoskeleton

Gives shape and helps with the movement inside the cell

Cell membrane Structure

Phospholipids bilayer with proteins cholesterol and carbohydrates

Cell membrane

controls what enters and exit the cell

Selective barrier

Controls which substances can pass through the cell

Diffusion vs Osmosis

Diffusion is when molecules move from high to low concentration.

Osmosis is diffusion of water across the membrane.

Active transport(Requires ATP)

Moving substance from an area of low to high concentration through carrier molecules.

As much as 40% of cells energy may be used to feel this process.

Function of Cytoskeleton

It maintains cell shape provides mechanical support, and enable cellular movement.

Function of endoplasmic reticulum

Protein and lipid production

Function of Golgi apparatus

The Golgi Apparatus is modified source and packages, protein, and lipids received from endoplasmic reticulum for transport to their final destination.

Function of ATP

Process Moving substances from one area of low concentration to an area of high concentration through carrier molecules in cell membrane. Main energy currency of cell (powers, transport, and metabolism movement)

Importance of ATP in cellular process

It acts as a primary energy currency of the cell, supplying the chemical energy needed for vital cellular processes by breaking a high energy phosphate bonds.

Passive mechanisms

The process of forcing molecules through membranes due to pressure

Active mechanisms

They move substances from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration

Endocytosis & Exocytosis

In endocytosis and exocytosis, large substances are moved into or out of the cell without crossing the cell membrane.

phagocytosis

Process by which the cell takes in solid particles, such as when a white blood cell engulfs bacterium “cell eating”

Apoptosis

A form of programmed cell death that is normal part of development rather than from injury or disease.