Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy Vs. Physiology

Anatomy is a study of the structures, body and organization.

Physiology studies the function of these parts.

Levels of organization

Atoms, Molecules, Micro molecules, Organelles, cells, Tissue, Organs, Organ systems, Organisms

Chemicals: Atoms are the smallest unit of a chemical, Molecules consist of two or more atoms and micro molecules are larger particles composed a small molecules bound together.

Organelles: adjectives of micro molecules used to carry out a specific function in the cell.

Cells: The basic unit of the structure and function in all living things.

Tissues: groups of cells that function together.

Organs: A group of tissues with specialized functions.

Organ System: groups of organisms that function.

Organisms: They are composed of organ systems function.

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Characteristics of life

Growth, reproduction, responsiveness, movement, metabolism

Growth: The increase in body size and number of cells.

reproduction: Production of new organisms or cells.

Responsive: Reaction to internal or external change.

Movement: Change in position of the body or body part motion of Internal organs.

Metabolism: The sum of all chemical reactions going on the cell of an organism.

Hemostasis

Hemostasis is a maintenance of a stable internal environment, despite the external environment change.

Negative feedback & Positive Feedback

Negative feedback is a mechanism by which a deviation and a variable from it subpoint is corrected. It is used in most hemostatic mechanism.

Positive feedback mechanisms is one a deviation and a variable from point move conditions farther away from a normal state this is uncommon and physiology

Hemostatic mechanisms

Receptors: Structures that monitor deviation from a set point and provide information about change in specific Condition.

Set point: The normal value for a variable this is what the body tries to maintain. For example, the set point for a body temperature is 98.6 Fahrenheit.

Effectors: muscle cells or glands that bring about the change to return available back to its point.

How does the organ system contribute to hemostasis

The organ system contributes to hemostasis by working cooperatively to maintain stable, internal conditions, such as temperature, water, balance, and blood chemistry through coordinated actions and feedback loops.

Atoms structure

A nucleus surrounded by electrons the nucleus is composed of protons that are positively charged and neutrons that are neutrally charged. The electrons are much smaller than protons and neutrons and carry negative charge.

Chemical bond

When two or more atoms come together

Ionic Bond

When an atom gains or loses electrons, it becomes charged and called an ion.

Covalent Bond

Another way at find stability in sharing electrons.

Polar Colvant Bond

When some molecule share electrons are unequally

Hydrogen Bond

A unique nickname for a week, attractive force that occurs between polar regions and water molecules.

Micromolecule structure

Micro molecules are large organic compound made up of similar units such as carbohydrates(sugar), lipids(fat), proteins(meat), and nucleic acids( DNA/RNA).

Carbohydrates function

To provide energy for cell activity (Energy storage and support)

Lipids

Organic substances that are insoluble and water

Protein

Essential for numerous functions such as structural support, energy source, hormones, receptors, antibodies, and enzymes

Nucleic acid

Large organic molecules from the genetic components of DNA and RNA

Synthesis vs. Decomposition reactions

Synthesis reactions build molecules while decomposition reactions break them apart( Decomposition often requiring more energy to break bonds)

pH scale

The pH scale measures acidity or alkalinity of a solution typically ranging from 0 to 14.

Acid vs Bases

Acid and basis are defined by their ability to donate except hydrogen ions.

1. Acids are substances that donate hydrogen ions (Under 7)

2. Base Is a substance that accepts hydrogen ions (Over 7)

3. Neutral (=7)

Buffers

Buffers in a biological system help control setting changes in your pH when small amounts of acid or base get released in the body.

Ions: Anions vs Cations

Cations are positively charged ions formed by losing electrons

Anions are negatively charged ions formed by gaining electrons.

Structure of water molecule

A water molecule has a bend structure, consisting of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. It is an excellent solvent, crucial for biochemical reactions and substances transport in living organisms.

Role of enzymes and chemical reactions

Enzymes act as a biological catalyst by lowering The activation energy required for a chemical reaction to cure thereby speeding of the reaction right without being consumed in the process.

Cell structure

Nucleus, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Vesicles, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, Cytoskeleton

Nucleus

Control center of the cell, Stores, DNA, coordinates activities like growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell and produces ATP through the cellular respiration

Ribosomes

Tiny fear structure, composed of RNA and protein provides structural support and enzyme activity for protein synthesis. (Found in the cytoplasm or bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum)

Endoplasmic reticulum

Roughy ER contains ribosomes and makes protein, while smoothie ER does not contain ribosomes and makes lipids, Detoxification.

Vesicles

Membrus sec that serves many purposes, such as storage or transport of substance within or between cells.

Golgi apparatus

Is composed of flattened, membrus sac and modified sources, packages, proteins, and lipids.

lysosomes

Contains digestive enzymes to break down waste

Cytoskeleton

Gives shape and helps with the movement inside the cell

Cell membrane Structure

Phospholipids bilayer with proteins cholesterol and carbohydrates

Cell membrane function

The selective permeability controls what enters and exit the cell

Diffusion vs Osmosis

Diffusion is when molecules move from high to low concentration.

Osmosis is diffusion of water across the membrane.

Active transport(Requires ATP)

Moving substance from an area of law to high concentration through carrier molecules.

As much as 40% of cells energy may be used to feel this process.

Function of Cytoskeleton

It maintains cell shape provides mechanical support, and enable cellular movement.

Function of endoplasmic reticulum

Protein and lipid production

Function of Golgi apparatus

The Golgi Apparatus is modified source and packages, protein, and lipids received from endoplasmic reticulum for transport to their final destination.

Function of ATP

Main energy currency of cell (powers, transport, and metabolism movement)

Importance of ATP in cellular process

It acts as a primary energy currency of the cell, supplying the chemical energy needed for vital cellular processes by breaking a high energy phosphate bonds.