Chapter 1: 4 Relations with Other Countries 1485-1509

owed the Duke of Brittany for protecting him during his youth from the Yorkists, England controlled Calais

English interests in France

Castile, Aragon, vital

Spain was a loose federation between the Kingdom of _____ and the Kingdom of ______. Henry VII regarded friendship with Spain as a ___ counter-balance to French power in Europe.

Treaty of Medina del Campo 1489, marriage of Prince Arthur and Cath A.

key events with Spain

Britton crisis, non-militant English support for anti-French coalitions in Italian war

Key events with France

Margaret B.’s support for Perkin Warbeck, English trade embargo on goods from Flanders, Magnus intercusus and Malus interecursus trade agreement

Key events with Burgundy

Burgundy, Duchess, Margaret, Yorkist, Edward IV, H8

__________ was a major trading partner of England, but the _________ of Burgundy, _________, who had been a ________(sister of _________) made relations with England tense in __’s reign

Holy Roman Empire

• conglomeration of states and territories under the nominal control of the HRE.

• Important for English trade

Italy, city states, Italian Wars

_____ was divided into ____ ______ that competed with each for power and European powers constantly intervened, leading to the so-called _______ ____.

secure succession, increase finances, trade, his own accession, dynastic expansion

What were H7’s aims?

validation from foreign monarchs to ensure they wouldn’t support his rivals, i.e. other claimants, as his legal status was insecure

What was H7’s priority in the first years of his reign?

France in 1485, Scotland in 1486, Habsburg Empire in 1487

Between 1485 to 1492 H7 built a series of truces with potentially dangerous neighbours:

Treaty of Medina del Campo, 1489

• England and Spain promised to work together and not to make agreements with France without consulting each other first

• Marriage of Prince Arthur and Cath. A

• Equal trading rights and fixed custom duties

initially friendly but French annexation of Brittany in 1488-92 made things complicated

What was French relations like for H7?

annexation of Brittany endangered English south coast, made Calais vulnerable, threatened trade, H7’s affinity for Brittainy

What were the causes of the Breton Crisis between England and France?

1488-92, negotiations, troops, failed, Parliament, £100k, 3k-6k, Spain, Pope, north German

During the Breton Crisis of ____-__ H7 initially opened _________ with France, whilst secretly sending in _____. But these talks ______ so he summoned _________ to gain a grant of _____ to fund a small force of __ - __ men, as well as calling on _____, the _____, and some _____ ________ states

April 1489 with a force of 120k, sent word that he only intended to defend Brittany and nothing more

When did H7 land in Brittany and what was the message he gave to the Frence?

didn’t react well — took in Perkin Warbeck and sent troops into the region

What was the French reaction to the Breton crisis?

beginning to lose interest and shift focus to italian peninsula

Why did France let England take Brittainy and settle for peace?

Treaty of Etaples, 1492

• Agreed that H7 left France in return for 745k crowns to cover the costs of the expedition

• Agreement by the French king not to support Henry’s enemies, e.g. Perkin Warbeck

Yorkists presence in north, concerned James III would refused to accept him as King of England, French support

Why was H7 worried about Scotland?

truce in 1486, Truce of Ayton 1497, Margaret marriage to James IV in 1503

Foreign policy with Scotland included:

break up stranglehold of Haseatic League, promote cloth trade, develop trade in Mediterranean, build up navy

What H7’s goals in expanding trade and exploration?

Haseatic League

a league of German towns which dominated trade in the Baltic. They aimed to maintain a monopoly of trade there.

Navigation Acts(1485-86), 1489 Act, 1490 treaty with Florence, Intercusus Magnus of 1496, trade with Florence and Venice,

What were H7’s actions in trade?

Navigation Acts(1485-86)

encouraged the use of English ships to carry goods rather than foreign ships, particularly wines from France could only be imported in English ships.

1489 Act, which decreased the export of raw wool by 30% by the end of H7’s reign

limited the export of English wool and made it illegal for foreigners to buy wool for making into cloth on the continent. This reflected the needs of the important cloth industry in England

Intercursus Magnus, 1496

allowed English merchants to trade freely with all parts of Burgundy except Flanders.

by 1509 English merchants were shipping more than half the cloth exported to Europe

What was the result of Intercursus Magnus of 1496?

left his son 9 good quality ships, which were bigger than his predecessor

What did H7 do in relation to developing the navy?

Custom duties, small, main, foundations, encouragement, trade, securely

_______ ____ rose at the beginning of the reign but compared with the Hanseatic League, Spain and Venice, England’s merchants were only trading _____ amounts. The ____ importance lies in the __________ laid and with the way in which the _____________ of overseas _____ helped Henry to sit on his throne more _______.

death of Prince Arthur(1502) and wife Eliz.(1503)

What caused renewed instability for H7 in his final years?

Spain(dynastic/trading reasons) and Burgundy(trade, ally against France)

Why did H7 have to maintain good relations with Spain and Burgundy?

1505, Burgundian, son, worse, France, surrounded, 1505, Germaine de Foix

In ____ Henry was moving towards more friendly relations with Philip of Burgundy in case of possible aggression from France. He opened discussions about a possible _______ bride for his ___, Henry, This automatically made relations with Ferdinand of Spain _____. Ferdinand turned to ______. Louis XII felt _________ by Spain and Burgundy s was ready for friendship. This was cemented in late ____ when Ferdinand married Louis XII’s niece, ________ __ _____.

death of Phillip of Burgundy in 1506 allowed Ferdinand to declare himself King of Castile, placing him well in international diplomacy making him a threat

How was H7’s diplomacy with France and Spain in 1505 turned on its head?

League of Cambrai in 1508

Louis XII, Ferdinand, Archduke Charles, and the Pope united in an alliance against Venice, the powerful city state that controlled an important part of the Italian coastline.

seemed like England was isolated but the alliance moved the focus of attention away from England towards Italy