PSYC 2110 Exam 2

Zick Rubin

13-item Love Scale assesses person’s desire for intimacy, caring and attachment for another person

Passionate love

* **romantic love/infatuation - a state of extreme absorption in another person**
* **Tenderness, elation, anxiety, desire, ecstasy**
* **Physiological arousal**
* **Occurs early in a relationship**
* **Faults and conflicts overlooked** 
* **Personal fulfillment** 
* **Often short-lived** 

companionate love

a type of love characterized by friendly affection and deep attachment based on extensive familiarity with a loved one

* Tolerance for shortcomings and desire to overcome conflict 


* Enduring 
* Sex reflects familiarity 
* Communication about sexual issues becomes more comfortable and frequent
* Sexual pleasure strengthens, is more satisfying 

passion (sternberg)

* **motivational component that fuels romantic feelings, physical attraction, and desire for sex** 
* **Develops rapidly and intensely in the early stages, declines as relationship progresses**

intimacy (sternberg)

**emotional component; sense of being bonded - warmth, sharing, closeness, openness** 

commitment (sternberg)

**thinking/cognitive aspect; conscious decision to love and maintain a relationship** 

nonlove (sternberg)

absence of passion, intimacy and commitment

friendship/liking (sternberg)

only intimacy

empty love (sternberg)

only commitment

companionate love (sternberg)

intimacy and commitment

fatuous love (sternberg)

passion and commitment

consummate love (sternberg)

commitment, passion, intimacy

Eros/ romantic/erotic love (Lee)

emphasis on beauty, tactile, sensual pleasures; affectionate and communicative

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prone to fall in love with stranger

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sexual component

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red

ludus/game-playing (Lee)

**sex as a game, little commitment, casual relationships**

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may have several partners at once, no future plans

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yellow

storge/companionate love (Lee)

**slow to develop affection and commitment, relationships endure, peaceful and quiet love (friends to lovers) `**

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focused on shared interests rather than intense emotions and sexual desire; non-sexual

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blue

agape/altruistic love (Lee)

selfless, desire to give, never demanding or jealous

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combines eros and storge

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purple

pragma/pragmatic love

practical partner selection, mutual satisfaction, try to get the best deal in a partner

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green

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combines ludus and storge

Chapman’s five love languages

1. receiving gifts
2. quality time
3. words of affirmation
4. acts of service (devotion)


1. physical touch

initial elation from

norepinephrine, dopamine, and phenylethylamine (PEA)

endorphins

produce euphoria, security, tranquility, and peace

mere exposure effect

repeated exposure to novel stimuli tends to increase an individual’s liking for such stimuli

similarity

similarity of beliefs, interests and values, which is a factor in attracting people to one another 

homophily

similarity in characteristics

reciprocity

when we are recipients of expressions of liking or loving, we tend to respond in kind

By responding to people positively, we induce them to like us more

hook-ups

* **short-term, loveless liaisons that occur during a brief interval**
* **Women experience more guilt and regret** 
* **Both men and women have more positive than negative experiences**  

friends with benefits

* **sexual interaction between friends who do not define their relationship as romantic** 
* **Have more lifetime sexual partners, more inclined to practice safer sex** 
* **Women view it as more emotionally involved (friendship), men view it as more casual (sex)** 

Gottman magic ratio

5:1 positive to negative interactions

Eli Finkel

* **suffocation model of marriage** 
* **Over time, marriages are less satisfying because expectations are higher and not met** 

mutual empathy

underlying knowledge that each partner in a relationship cares for the other and knows that the care is reciprocated 

Leveling and editing (Gottman)

stating our thoughts and feelings clearly, simply and honestly 

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we do not say things that we know would be hurtful, limit comments to relevant information 

validating (gottman)

telling our partners that we understand why they think or feel the way they do

volatile dialogue (gottman)

couples who do not argue ignore important issues; conflict fulfills the role of identifying issues. 

criticism (gottman)

expression of contempt and denigration

contempt (gottman)

degrades communication by adding insults, sarcasm, or name-calling 

defensiveness (gottman)

feeling personally attacked or victimized by criticism and attempt

stonewalling (gottman)

not responding at all

belligerence (gottman)

provoking intended to diminish or challenge a partner’s right to influence patterns of interaction in the relationship 

complete celibacy

an expression of sexuality in which an individual does not engage in either masturbation or interpersonal sexual contact

partial celibacy

an expression of sexuality in which an individual does not engage in interpersonal sexual contact but continues to engage in masturbation

Samuel Tissot

semen made from blood, and loss of it harms health; influenced views on masturbation 

tribadism

rubbing one’s genitals against another’s body or genitals 

fellatio

oral stimulus of the penis and scrotum

analingus

oral stimulation of the anus

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poses risk for intestinal infections, hepatitis, STIs

intromission

insertion of the penis into the vagina

tantra

Eastern path of spiritual enlightenment, holds an erotic act of love between a god and goddess created the world

mostly straight (kinsey)

 individuals who are primarily heterosexual and have some degree of sexual interest in and/or experience with the same sex

mostly gay/lesbian

individuals who are primarily homosexual and have some degree of sexual interest in and/or experience with the other sex 

Sexual fluidity

Lisa Diamond; variability in same-sex and other-sex attraction and involvement at different times and in different situations throughout the lifespan

performative bisexuality

heterosexually-identified women who engage in sexual activity with other women for the purpose of pleasing and arousing men

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Dr. Breanne Fahs

Gay-affirmative therapy

therapy to help homosexual clients cope with negative societal attitudes

internalized homophobia

negative attitudes toward homosexual people that have been internalized and directed toward oneself as a gay, lesbian, bisexual or other sexual minority person

conversion/sexual reorientation therapy

therapy that purports to help homosexual men and women change their sexual orientation. It is not an effective therapy and can be very harmful 

heterosexism

the belief that heterosexuality is better than LGBTQ identities

Mattachine Society and Daughters of Bilitis

first organizations for homosexual men and women

Lawrence v. Texas

2003 decision that overturned illegal sodomy

Margaret Sanger

Opened illegal clinic where women could obtain diaphragms

*The Woman Rebel* newspaper with birth control info

Griswold v. CT

1965; allowed use of contraceptives by married people

Eisenstadt v. Baird

contraceptive use by unmarried couples in 1972

Failure rate

the number of women out of 100 who become pregnant by the end of 1 year of using a particular contraceptive

multiple method birth control use

contraceptive methods used simultaneously with another method to increase the effectiveness 

oral contraceptives

* Most commonly used
* 4 basic types: constant-dose combination, triphasic, extended-cycle, and progestin-only
* Differ on amount of synthetic estrogen or progestin
* How they work
* The estrogen inhibits ovulation by increasing estrogen blood levels to mimick that of pregnancy
* Progestin thickens and chemically alters cervical mucus and makes the lining of the uterus less receptive to implantation, also inhibits ovulation
* Progestin-only pill is meant to thicken cervical mucus to prevent sperm from entering

Vaginal ring and transdermal patch

* NuvaRing and Ortho Erva 
* Synthetic estrogen and progestin embedded in a vaginal ring or transdermal patch
* How they work
* Release hormones embedded in them through the vaginal lining or skin into the bloodstream 
* How to use 
* Patch: chooses a specific day of week after period and identifies that day as patch change day. Replaces old patch with new patch on that same day each week for 3 weeks. Patch can go on butt, abs, upper outer arm, or upper torso 
* Ring: inserted into vagina between day 1 and 5 of period, and worn inside vagina for 3 weeks, removed for 1 week, and replaced.

injected contraceptives

depo-provera and lunelle

* How they work:
* Depo-Provera uses progestin to inhibit gonadotropin secretion and follicular maturation and ovulation, causes endometrium to thin
* Lunelle: combines progestin and estrogen
* How to use
* Depo-Provera: every 12 weeks within 5 days of beginning of period
* Lunelle: monthly injection
* Makes uterus inhospitable

contraceptive implant

* Implanon and Nexaplon inserted under skin of upper arm 
* How it works
* Releases slow dose of progestin
* How to use 
* Practitioner inserts rod, effective for up to 3 years 

female condom

polyurethane or latex sheath that fits the contours of the vagina and has an external ring that covers parts of the labia; used for protection against unwanted pregnancy and STIs

vaginal spermicides

* foam, cream, jelly, suppositories, and film that contain a chemical that kills sperm
* How they work:
* Contain chemical that kills sperm
* Rapidly covers vaginal walls and os
* Take 20 minutes to dissolve
* Can make it more likely for STIs to spread due to irritation
* How to use
* Less effective, need to be used with condoms
* Sponge - acts as barrier to sperm, not fitted

cervical barrier device

* Diaphragm and FemCap
* Dome shaped with rim around the open side
* How to use:
* Diaphragm is individually fitted, held into place by spring rim
* Cap held into place by suction
* Requires prescription
* Used with spermicidal cream or jelly

**Intrauterine devices (IUD)**

* small plastic device inserted into the uterus 
* LARC
* Onenonhormal (ParaGard)
* Plastic T copper wire copper sleeves 
* 4 hormonal (Mirena, Skyla, Kyleena, Liletta)
* Polyethylene T with progestin 
* Differ in size, hormones, effectiveness 
* Most common reversible contraceptive used by women in developing world 
* How it works
* ParaGard alters tubal and uterine fluids which affects fertilization and may cause heavier periods
* Others act similarly to pill and may cause lighter periods
* How to use 
* Inserted by practitioner through os into uterus 
* ParaGuad - 12 years 
* Hormonal - 3-6 years 
* Lower dosages of hormones = effective for shorter times 

emergency contraception

**hormone pills or IUD that can be used after unprotected intercourse to prevent pregnancy** 

fertility awareness methods

birth control methods that use the signs of cyclic fertility to prevent or plan conception

calendar/rhythm method

* **based on abstinence from intercourse during calendar-estimated fertile days** 
* **Woman keeps chart of the length of her cycles** 

standard days method

avoid unprotected intercourse for a 12-day period in the middle of the menstrual cycle

mucus/ovulation method

determining time of ovulation by means of cyclical changes of the cervical mucus

basal body temperature method

body temperature changes before and after ovulation

* Drops before ovulation and increases after 
* Temperature change is slight

Buck v. Bell

legalized forced sterilization as part of eugenics in 1924

Tubal sterilization

severing or typing fallopian tubes via laparoscopy

tubal implant

* **tiny coil (Essure) inserted through vagina, cervix and uterus into the fallopian tubes** 
* **Promotes tissue group that blocks tubes after 3 months** 

vasectomy

removing scrotum from each vas deferens

* Incision in scrotum, vas lifted out, small segment removed 

lactational amenorrhea method

*  **informed breastfeeding as transitional form of contraception** 
* **Experience lack of menstruation**

female infertility

* Problems with ovulation
* Hormones, vitamin deficiency, metabolic disturbances, poor nutrition, genetics, stress, medical conditions 
* Increasing age (peaks at 20-24, decreases after 30)

male infertility

Too few or abnormal shaped/mobile sperm

varicocele

a damaged or enlarged vein in the testis or vas deferens

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elevates testis temperature, impairs production

intracytoplasmic sperm injection

procedure in which a single sperm is injected into an egg

assistive reproductive technologies

extrauterine conception where a woman’s eggs are removed and mixed with sperm to make embryos 

zygote intrafallopian transfer

procedure in which an egg is fertilized in the lab and then placed in a fallopian tube 

in vitro fertilization

procedure in which mature eggs are removed from a woman’s ovary and fertilized by sperm in a lab dish

gamete intrafallopian transfer

procedure in which the sperm and ovum are placed directly in a fallopian tube

artificial insemination

a medical procedure in which semen is placed in a woman’s vagina, cervix, or uterus

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

* a hormone that is detectable in the urine of a pregnant woman within 1 months of conception 
* Pregnancy tests detect this as early as 7 days after conception
* Secreted by the placenta 

spontaneous abortion

expulsion of the fetus from the uterus early in pregnancy, before it can survive on its own

miscarriage

spontaneous abortion in first 20 weeks

appear as heavier than normal menstrual flow

chemical pregnancy

spontaneous abortion before 5 weeks

stillbirth

spontaneous abortion after 20 weeks

elective abortion

medical procedure performed to terminate pregnancy

medical abortion

* mifepristone or RU486
* the use of medications to end a pregnancy of 10 weeks or less
* Block progesterone, causes cervix to soften, uterus lining to breakdown, bleeding to begin

suction curettage

* os is dilated by using metal dilators (laminaria), then a small plastic tube, attached to a vacuum aspirator, is inserted into the uterus, drawing the fetal tissue, placenta, and built-up uterine lining out of the uterus 
* 7-12 weeks past last period 
* 10 minute procedure 

dilation and evacuation (D and E)

* an abortion procedure in which a curette and suction equipment are used   
* 13-21 weeks
* Safest and most widely used 
* Anesthesia required 
* Risky procedure

prostaglandins

* hormones used to induce uterine contractions and fetal expulsion for second-trimester abortions 
* Inserted into vagina as a suppository or into the amniotic sac 
* Expelled within 24 hours 
* Complications: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tearing of cervix, bleeding, shock, death

late-term abortion (intact dilation and evacuation)

an abortion done between 20 and 24 weeks when serious health risks to the woman or severe fetal abnormalities exist

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done before viability

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* **Only for serious health risks to woman or for babies with unsurvivable defects** 
* **Cervix dilated, fetus emerges feet first, fetal skull collapsed so that it can pass** 
* **Rare**

viability

time when fetus can survive outside of body (after 24 weeks)