Regulation of Cellular Processes

Flashcards created to review key concepts from the lecture on regulation of cellular processes.

Gene regulation is the process by which __ of gene expression can vary under different conditions.

the level

A __ gene is transcribed at a relatively constant level regardless of the cell environmental conditions.

constitutive

Majority of genes are __ and are transcribed only when needed.

regulated

In feedback inhibition, the product of a metabolic pathway __ the first enzyme in the pathway.

inhibits

Transcriptional regulation can involve __ regulation where an activator protein promotes transcription.

positive

The lac operon is controlled by a __ that binds to the operator region to inhibit transcription in the absence of lactose.

repressor

In the presence of lactose, allolactose binds the lac repressor and prevents it from binding to the __.

operator

The trp operon is a __ operon, meaning it functions only in the absence of tryptophan.

repressible

Attenuation termination within the leader region is controlled by __ structures in the RNA.

stem-loop

Riboswitches alter their folding pattern in response to __ molecule binding, which affects transcription.

effector

The __ system involves small signaling molecules mediating cell-to-cell communication.

quorum sensing

Small noncoding RNAs, or __, can inhibit translation by base pairing with mRNA.

sRNAs

The lac operon is considered __ meaning it has a low, basal level of transcription.

leaky

To achieve global regulation, two-component signal transduction systems link events __ the cell to gene expression inside the cell.

outside

RNA __ are less heat-stable and can change their structure to regulate gene expression based on temperature.

thermometers

Catabolite activator protein (CAP) requires __ to be active and facilitate RNA polymerase binding.

cAMP

lactose permease and β-galactosidase facilitate lactose __ and digestion respectively.

metabolism

In the absence of nutrient signal, the two-component signal transduction systems can activate a __ that facilitates changes in gene expression.

response regulator

Adaptation in gene expression is often referred to as __ expression, which depends on the presence of a particular substance.

facultative

Phosphorelay systems are involved in processes such as __ sensing and endospore formation.

quorum

CRISPR/Cas system is divided into three stages: adaptation, __, and interference.

expression