antomy study guide 5

What are the 7 functions of the skeletal system?

Support, Protection, Movement, Mineral storage, Blood cell production, Fat storage, Hormone production.

What is compact bone?

Dense, outer layer of bone that provides strength.

What is spongy (cancellous) bone?

Porous, inner bone with red marrow for blood cell production.

What is the diaphysis?

The shaft of a long bone.

What is the epiphysis?

The ends of a long bone, containing spongy bone & red marrow.

What is the difference between red and yellow bone marrow?

Red marrow produces blood cells; Yellow marrow stores fat.

What is articular cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones at joints, reducing friction.

What is the function of nutrient foramina?

Small holes in bones that allow blood vessels and nerves to pass through.

What is the difference between the epiphyseal plate and the epiphyseal line?

Epiphyseal plate is cartilage in growing bones; epiphyseal line is the remnant after growth.

What is the periosteum?

A fibrous membrane covering bones, containing nerves & blood vessels.

What is the medullary cavity?

The hollow chamber inside the diaphysis, containing yellow marrow.

What is osteology?

The study of bones.

What are Wormian bones?

Small, extra bones found in the sutures of the skull.

What are sesamoid bones?

Small, round bones embedded in tendons (e.g., patella).

What is the axial skeleton?

The skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

What is the appendicular skeleton?

The limbs and girdles (pectoral and pelvic girdles).

What is ossification?

The process of bone formation.

What are the two types of ossification?

Intramembranous ossification and Endochondral ossification.

What are anterior and posterior fontanels?

Soft spots in a baby's skull that allow for skull growth.

What is mesenchyme?

Embryonic connective tissue that develops into bones and cartilage.

What is the difference between interstitial and appositional growth?

Interstitial growth is growth in length; appositional growth is growth in width/thickness.

What is osteoporosis?

A disease causing brittle, weak bones due to loss of bone density.

What are the four major sutures of the skull?

Sagittal suture, Coronal suture, Squamosal suture, Lambdoidal suture.

What is a condyle?

A rounded joint surface.

What is a facet?

A smooth, flat surface for articulation.

What is a crest?

A ridge or raised edge on a bone.

What is a tubercle?

A small, rounded bump for muscle attachment.

What is a tuberosity?

A larger, rough bump for muscle attachment.

What is a foramen?

A hole in a bone for blood vessels or nerves.

What is a fossa?

A shallow depression in a bone.

What is a sinus?

A hollow cavity within a bone.

What is a meatus?

A canal-like passageway in a bone.

What are the 8 cranial bones?

Frontal, Parietal (2), Temporal (2), Occipital, Sphenoid, Ethmoid.

What are the 14 facial bones?

Maxilla (2), Palatine (2), Zygomatic (2), Lacrimal (2), Nasal (2), Inferior nasal concha (2), Vomer, Mandible.

What are the five regions of the vertebral column?

Cervical (7 vertebrae), Thoracic (12 vertebrae), Lumbar (5 vertebrae), Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae), Coccyx (3-5 fused vertebrae).

What is unique about cervical vertebrae?

They have transverse foramina for blood vessels.

What is the atlas (C1) and axis (C2)?

Atlas (C1) supports the skull; Axis (C2) allows 'no' motion.

What are the three types of ribs?

True ribs, False ribs, Floating ribs.

What are the parts of the sternum?

Manubrium, Body, Xiphoid process.

What is the function of the skeletal system?

To provide support, protection, movement, and other vital functions.

What does hematopoiesis mean?

The process of blood cell production in the red bone marrow.

What is the composition of yellow marrow?

Stores energy as fat within the medullary cavity of long bones.

How does articular cartilage function at joints?

It reduces friction between the bones during movement.

What is the significance of nutrient foramina?

They allow blood vessels and nerves to reach bone tissues.

What happens to the epiphyseal plate after growth ceases?

It becomes the epiphyseal line.

What is the role of the periosteum in bone health?

It contains nerves and blood vessels crucial for nourishment and sensation.

What is the role of the medullary cavity?

It houses yellow bone marrow and helps reduce bone weight.

What are the implications of ossification for bone development?

It is essential for forming and repairing bones throughout life.

How do Wormian bones affect cranial structure?

They can vary in number and size, contributing to the complexity of the skull.

What is the clinical significance of sesamoid bones like the patella?

They are crucial for the effective functioning of joints.

What are the components of the axial skeleton defined by their roles?

The axial skeleton protects vital organs and supports the body.

What are the limbs and girdles associated with the appendicular skeleton?

They enable mobility and manipulation of the environment.

Why is understanding ossification important in medicine?

It supports diagnosing and treating bone growth disorders.

How do anterior and posterior fontanels assist in childbirth?

They allow the baby's head to compress during delivery.

What potential issues can arise from mesenchyme development?

Defective development can lead to musculoskeletal disorders.

Why is it essential to differentiate between interstitial and appositional growth?

They reflect how bones adapt to stress during development.

What are the risk factors for developing osteoporosis?

Age, hormone levels, diet, and physical activity level.

What clinical relevance do the major sutures of the skull have?

They can indicate aging and various cranial pathologies.

What anatomical features contribute to a joint surface?

Condyles and facets help articulate and stabilize joints.

Why are bone markings like crests and tuberosities important?

They provide sites for muscle attachment and leverage.

How does the structure of a foramen facilitate function?

It allows passage of important structures like nerves and blood vessels.

What implications does the presence of a fossa have in bone anatomy?

It serves as an articulation point for other bones.

How does a sinus affect bone weight?

A sinus reduces the overall weight of the bone.

What is the significance of a meatus in bone physiology?

It can serve as a passage for auditory or other sensory functions.

What distinguishes the cranial bones from facial bones?

Cranial bones protect the brain; facial bones form the face structure.

What is the relationship between the vertebral regions and overall spinal function?

They contribute to flexibility and support of the spinal column.

Why is the atlas referred to as C1?

It is the first cervical vertebra supporting the skull.

How do the rib types differ in structure and function?

True ribs attach directly; false ribs attach indirectly; floating ribs lack attachment.

What historical significance do the parts of the sternum hold in anatomy?

They have been used as landmarks for various medical examinations.