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Digital Computer

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80 Terms

1

Digital Computer

Fast electronic machine for processing digitized information.

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2

Computer Program

List of instructions stored internally for processing.

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3

Computer Memory

Internal storage for programs and data during execution.

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4

Personal Computer

Common computer used in homes and offices.

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5

Workstation

High-powered desktop computer for engineering applications.

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6

Mainframe

Large computer for business data processing.

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7

Supercomputer

Used for large-scale numerical calculations.

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8

Input Unit

Accepts coded information from users or devices.

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9

Examples of Input Devices

Keyboard, mouse, scanner, joystick, barcode reader.

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10

Primary Storage

Fast memory where programs are executed.

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11

Word Length

Number of bits processed as a single unit.

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12

Memory Access Time

Time to access one word in memory.

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13

Random-Access Memory (RAM)

Memory allowing access to any location quickly.

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14

Secondary Storage

Used for storing large amounts of data.

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15

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

Executes most operations and contains registers.

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16

Control Unit (CU)

Directs operations and sends control signals.

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17

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Combination of ALU and CU in a computer.

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18

Output Unit

Sends processed results to external devices.

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19

Von Neumann Architecture

Stored program architecture storing programs in memory.

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20

Machine Language

Primitive language consisting of binary code.

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21

Assembly Language

Uses mnemonics to simplify programming tasks.

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22

Bottleneck

Limitation in performance, often in memory access.

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23

Registers

High-speed storage for frequently used operands.

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24

Control Signals

Commands sent by CU to coordinate operations.

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25

Fixed Size Groups

Data processed in groups called words.

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26

Addressing

Assigning distinct addresses to memory locations.

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27

Examples of Output Devices

Monitors, printers, plotters, modems.

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28

Mnemonic

Easy-to-remember abbreviations for programming.

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29

Assembler

Translates assembly language to machine language.

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30

High-Level Language

Uses English-like commands for programming.

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31

Compiler

Translates high-level language to machine language.

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32

FORTRAN

Formula translation programming language.

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33

COBOL

Common business-oriented programming language.

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34

BASIC

Beginner's all-purpose symbolic instruction code.

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35

Pascal

High-level programming language for structured programming.

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36

Compact Code

Machine language format for efficient execution.

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37

Speed

Execution time related to code length.

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38

Flexibility

Low-level languages allow programming freedom.

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39

ADD Instruction

Adds operand from memory to a register.

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40

Program Counter (PC)

Holds address of next instruction to execute.

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41

Memory Address Register (MAR)

Holds address for data transfer in memory.

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42

Memory Data Register (MDR)

Contains data to be read or written.

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43

Instruction Register (IR)

Holds the current instruction being executed.

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44

Bus

Collection of wires connecting computer devices.

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45

Data Bus

Transmits data between devices.

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46

Address Bus

Specifies data location in memory.

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47

Control Bus

Manages control signals within the computer.

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48

Fetch Cycle

Process of retrieving an instruction from memory.

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49

Write Cycle

Process of sending data to memory.

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50

Operand

Data used in an instruction operation.

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51

ALU

Arithmetic Logic Unit for performing calculations.

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52

Subroutine

Reusable code block for specific tasks.

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53

Predefined Functions

Built-in functions simplifying programming tasks.

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54

Single-Bus Structure

All units connect via one bus system.

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55

Bus Control Lines

Arbitrate multiple requests for bus access.

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56

Buffer Registers

Hold data during transfers to prevent delays.

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57

Two-Bus Structure

Uses two buses for I/O and memory transfers.

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58

Peripheral Processor

Controls I/O transfers in two-bus systems.

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59

Memory Locations

Specific addresses where data is stored.

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60

Address Space

Total memory addresses available in a system.

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61

Intel 8088/86

Microprocessor with 1,048,576 addressable locations.

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62

Store Cycle

Transfers data from CPU to memory, overwriting contents.

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63

Data Transfer Instructions

Move data between memory and CPU registers.

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64

Arithmetic Operations

Perform calculations on data in CPU.

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65

Program Sequencing

Controls the order of instruction execution.

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66

Three-Address Instructions

Specify two source operands and one destination.

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67

Two-Address Instructions

Use one destination and one source operand.

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68

One-Address Instructions

Assume one operand is in the accumulator.

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69

Zero-Address Instructions

Operands are defined implicitly within the instruction.

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70

Instruction Fetch

Retrieves instruction from memory to CPU.

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71

Instruction Execute

CPU performs operation specified by instruction.

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72

Straight-Line Sequencing

Executes instructions in increasing address order.

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73

Branching

Repeats instruction sequences in program loops.

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74

Accumulator

Register used for implicit operand storage.

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75

I/O Operations

Manage input and output data transfers.

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76

Operands

Data items used in operations or instructions.

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77

Op-Code Field

Specifies the operation to be performed.

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78

Addressing Information Field

Specifies addresses for operands in instructions.

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79

Memory Management

Organizes and allocates memory for operations.

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80

Data Representation

Memory contents can represent instructions or data.

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