antomy study guide 5

Front: What are the 7 functions of the skeletal system?
Back:

1. Support – Provides framework for the body.

2. Protection – Shields vital organs (e.g., skull protects the brain).

3. Movement – Works with muscles for motion.

4. Mineral storage – Stores calcium & phosphate.

5. Blood cell production – Red bone marrow makes blood cells (hematopoiesis).

6. Fat storage – Yellow bone marrow stores energy as fat.

7. Hormone production – Regulates bone formation via osteocalcin.

🔹 Gross Structure of Bone

Front: What is compact bone?
Back: Dense, outer layer of bone that provides strength.

Front: What is spongy (cancellous) bone?
Back: Porous, inner bone with red marrow for blood cell production.

Front: What is the diaphysis?
Back: The shaft of a long bone.

Front: What is the epiphysis?
Back: The ends of a long bone, containing spongy bone & red marrow.

Front: What is the difference between red and yellow bone marrow?
Back:

• Red marrow → Produces blood cells, found in spongy bone.

• Yellow marrow → Stores fat, found in medullary cavity of long bones.

Front: What is articular cartilage?
Back: Hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones at joints, reducing friction.

Front: What is the function of nutrient foramina?
Back: Small holes in bones that allow blood vessels and nerves to pass through.

Front: What is the difference between the epiphyseal plate and the epiphyseal line?
Back:

• Epiphyseal plate (growth plate) → Cartilage present in growing bones.

• Epiphyseal line → Remnant of growth plate after bone stops growing.

Front: What is the periosteum?
Back: A fibrous membrane covering bones, containing nerves & blood vessels.

Front: What is the medullary cavity?
Back: The hollow chamber inside the diaphysis, containing yellow marrow.

🔹 Bone Tissue & Development

Front: What is osteology?
Back: The study of bones.

Front: What are Wormian bones?
Back: Small, extra bones found in the sutures of the skull.

Front: What are sesamoid bones?
Back: Small, round bones embedded in tendons (e.g., patella).

Front: What is the axial skeleton?
Back: The skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

Front: What is the appendicular skeleton?
Back: The limbs and girdles (pectoral and pelvic girdles).

Front: What is ossification?
Back: The process of bone formation.

Front: What are the two types of ossification?
Back:

1. Intramembranous ossification – Bone develops from a fibrous membrane (e.g., skull bones).

2. Endochondral ossification – Bone develops from cartilage (e.g., long bones).

Front: What are anterior and posterior fontanels?
Back: Soft spots in a baby's skull that allow for skull growth.

Front: What is mesenchyme?
Back: Embryonic connective tissue that develops into bones and cartilage.

Front: What is the difference between interstitial and appositional growth?
Back:

• Interstitial growth – Growth in length.

• Appositional growth – Growth in width/thickness.

Front: What is osteoporosis?
Back: A disease causing brittle, weak bones due to loss of bone density.

🔹 Skull Structures & Sutures

Front: What are the four major sutures of the skull?
Back:

1. Sagittal suture – Between parietal bones.

2. Coronal suture – Between frontal & parietal bones.

3. Squamosal suture – Between temporal & parietal bones.

4. Lambdoidal suture – Between occipital & parietal bones.

🔹 Osteological Terms (Bone Markings)

Front: What is a condyle?
Back: A rounded joint surface.

Front: What is a facet?
Back: A smooth, flat surface for articulation.

Front: What is a crest?
Back: A ridge or raised edge on a bone.

Front: What is a tubercle?
Back: A small, rounded bump for muscle attachment.

Front: What is a tuberosity?
Back: A larger, rough bump for muscle attachment.

Front: What is a foramen?
Back: A hole in a bone for blood vessels or nerves.

Front: What is a fossa?
Back: A shallow depression in a bone.

Front: What is a sinus?
Back: A hollow cavity within a bone.

Front: What is a meatus?
Back: A canal-like passageway in a bone.

🔹 Cranial & Facial Bones

Front: What are the 8 cranial bones?
Back:

1. Frontal

2. Parietal (2)

3. Temporal (2)

4. Occipital

5. Sphenoid

6. Ethmoid

Front: What are the 14 facial bones?
Back:

1. Maxilla (2)

2. Palatine (2)

3. Zygomatic (2)

4. Lacrimal (2)

5. Nasal (2)

6. Inferior nasal concha (2)

7. Vomer

8. Mandible

🔹 Vertebral Column

Front: What are the five regions of the vertebral column?
Back:

1. Cervical (7 vertebrae)

2. Thoracic (12 vertebrae)

3. Lumbar (5 vertebrae)

4. Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)

5. Coccyx (3-5 fused vertebrae)

Front: What is unique about cervical vertebrae?
Back: They have transverse foramina for blood vessels.

Front: What is the atlas (C1) and axis (C2)?
Back:

• Atlas (C1) – Supports the skull, allows "yes" motion.

• Axis (C2) – Has the dens, allowing "no" motion.

🔹 Rib Cage

Front: What are the three types of ribs?
Back:

1. True ribs (1-7) – Attach directly to the sternum.

2. False ribs (8-10) – Attach indirectly to the sternum.

3. Floating ribs (11-12) – No attachment to the sternum.

Front: What are the parts of the sternum?
Back:

1. Manubrium – Upper portion.

2. Body – Middle portion.

3. Xiphoid process – Lower portion.