unit 4 ap psych (copy) from Allie (copy)

social thinking

thinking about others when doing things that are unexpected

attribution

giving credit to someone or somethjng

attribution theory

give casual expectations for someone's behavior

dispositional attribution

attributing someone's behavior, thoughts, beliefs, to persons traits and characteristics

situational attribution

attributing someone's behavior, thoughts, beliefs to environmental factors outside of persons control

fundamental attribution error

overemphasize factors and underestimate situational factors when making attributions about cause of persons behavior

just-world phenomenon

tendency of people to believe people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

self serving bias

taking credit for successes while at the same time attributing failures to external situations beyond their control

self-fulfilling prophecy

having expectations about an individual that influence behavior towards them, which influences the way the person behaves towards u

attitudes

beliefs and feelings that guide behavior towards

mere exposure effect

tend to develop preference for things bc it's familiar

central route of persuasion

focus on factual info, logical arguments, and thoughtful analysis

peripheral route of persuasion

focus on emotional appeals in incidental cues

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

getting a person to agree to a modest first request as a set up for a later larger request

cognitive dissonance

stage of psychological tension, anxiety, that occurs when persons attitude and behavior is inconsistent

role playing

giving person a specific role and having attitude change based on role given

social influence

how attitudes, beliefs, decisions, and actions are molded by social influences

chameleon effect

person will unconsciously mimic or adopt behavior, mannerisms, and actions of people they are interacting with

mood linkage

persons mood is based on others of the group

conformity

tendency for people to adopt the behavior, attitudes, and beliefs of other members of a group

normative social influence

persons desire to gain approval or avoid rejection

informational social influence

one turns to members of group to obtain accurate information

compliance

act of conforming in a weak and subservient way

obedience

obeying orders of an authority or person of higher status

individual resistance

one person can choose not to conform can also have effect on others

group influence

person in situation where unsure the correct way to behave and will look to others for cues

norms

rules that appt to all members of group that govern acceptable behavior and attitudes

roles

position the person has in group

social loafing

people make less effort to achieve goal when work in group than work alone

deindividuation

losing of one's self awareness and responsibility that occurs when persons attitude part of group whose members feel anonymous

social facilitation

persons performance to improve when simple tasks performed in presence of others

social impairment

persons performance to decline when complex tasks performed in presence of others

group polarization

group to make decisions that are extreme than initial inclination of its members

groupthink

conformity in the group results in incorrect decision making outcome

minority influence

minority of group can have an effect on group

social relations

how people relate to one another, not always positive

treatment of group members

treat people in group depending on how we perceive that person and geoup

prejudice

learned prejudgement toward people based on their membership in social group, positive or negative

discrimination

differential treatment of others

ingroups

people with whom shares a common identity

outgroups

those perceived as different from one's in-group

ingroup bias

tendency to favor one's own group

stereotypes

beliefs about certain group

scapegoat theory

people look for someone to blame when things go wrong

ethnocentrism

consider other cultures, customs, and values as inferior to one's own

contact theory

lessening tensions between groups by putting them together on equal playing field

culture

enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, traditions shared by group of people from one generation to the next

tight culture

place with clearly defined and reliably norms

loose culture

place with flexible and informal norms

collectivism

focus on "we" and meeting group standards

individualism

focus on "me" and put individual interests first

altruism

putting your own welfare aside to help others

social exchange theory

social behavior is an exchange process to maximize benefits and minimize costs

social responsibility norm

tells us to help others when needed even tho they might not repay us

social trap

person acts to obtain short term individual gains, leads to loss for group as a whole

bystander effect

less likely to assist in emergency situation when other people present

diffusion of responsibility

people less likely to take action or feel a sense of responsibility in the presence of large group of people

reciprocity norm

people more likely to help if getting something out of it

aggression

behavior intended to cause harm

frustration aggression principle

frustration creates anger, generates aggression

attraction

being drawn to a person

proximity

geographic nearness is powerful predictor of friendship, repeated exposure increases attraction

physical attractiveness

once proximity affords contact, next important is physical appearance

similarity

similar views between individuals strengthens bond of attraction

passionate love

aroused state of intense positive absorption, beginning of relationship

companionate love

deep affectionate attachment whom our lives are intertwined

equity

people receive in relation too to what they give to it

self disclosure

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

conflict + peacemaking

working with each other to overcome problems

non-zero sum game

both group participants all gain or suffer togehter

mirror-image perceptions

each side views itself as ethical and peaceful while other as evil and aggressive

superordinate goals

shared goals override differences among people that can't be achieved without joint effect

concilation (GRIT)

bargaining strategy used by both sides to help maintain peace, reducing tensions between hostile groups

Fritz Heider

proposed attribution theory

philip zimbardo

studied role playing through stanford prison experiment

solomon asch

ran conformity experiment

stanley milgram

ran obedience experiment, teachers shocker learned fake shocked

personality

characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

conscious

thoughts or motives a person is currently aware of or remembering

preconscious

consists of thoughts, motives, and memories that can be voluntarily brought to mind

unconscious

thoughts, feelings, motives, and memories blocked from conscious awareness

id

part of mind is self-centered, impulsive, seeks to achieve gratification and avoid discomfort

superego

part of mind focuses how we ought to behave, feel guilty if you don't listen, feel proud if you do

ego

mediates the demands of id and superego, reality principle

oedipus complex

during phallic stage, boys are attracted to mothers, afraid of fathers

electra complex

girls attracted to fathers, afraid of mothers

identification

children cope with threatening feelings by repressing them, gains strength and incorporates their parents values

fixate

to be stuck on, focused on

defense mechanisms

ego's way of distorting reality to reduce anxiety

repression

pushing thoughts into unconsious

regression

reverting behavior to earlier stage of development

rationalization

distorting reality to justify something that happened

projection

transferring ones thoughts onto others

denial

refusing to accept a piece of info

displacement

redirecting anger toward a less threatening person or object

reaction formation

thinking in an opposite way of thoughts

sublimation

diverting impulses into socially approved thoughts

projective tests

personality test to let person respond to stimuli, revealing hidden emotions and internal conflicts

thematic apperception test (TAT)

Henry Murray, express inner feelings through stories they make up

Rorschach inkblot test

Hermann Rorschach, set of inkblots used to identify people's inner feelings through interpretation