BIOL - 1260 - exam 3

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81 Terms

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dynamic equilibrium in the body

homeostasis

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allow their internal conditions to become similar to the environment

conformers

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what are the components of a homeostatic system?

sensor, integrator, effector

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compares sensory info to set point

integrator

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behavior that helps restore the internal condition

effector

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direct transfer of heat between two bodies in contact with each other

conduction

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heat is exchanged between a solid and a moving liquid/gas

convection

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transfer of heat between two objects that aren’t in direct contact

radiation

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liquid becomes gas

evaporation

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heat byproduct of chemical reactions warms the body; ex - mammals, birds

endotherm

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heat comes from the environment; ex - amphibians, fish, invertebrates, reptiles

ectotherm

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compounds that dissociate into ions when dissolved in water; ex - Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+

electrolytes

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helps maintain homeostasis by regulating water and solute levels

osmoregulation

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higher solute concentration = -

higher osmolarity

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in osmotic equilibrium with their environment; ex - sharks, marine invertebrates

osmoconformers

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actively maintain a relatively constant blood osmolarity different than the environment

osmoregulators

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renal - brings bad blood to the kidney. renal - carries clean blood away

artery; vein

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what path does urine take?

kidney → ureter → bladder → urethra

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what two parts make up the kidney?

outer cortex and inner medulla

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basic functional unit of the kidney

nephron

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where are the glomerulus and convoluted tubes located?

cortex

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where are the loop of Henle and collecting ducts located?

medulla

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what do the excretory organs do?

filtration, reabsorption, secretion

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where does filtration occur and what happens?

in Renal corpuscle; glomerulus brings blood, Bowman’s capsule surrounds glomerulus

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where does reabsorption occur?

in renal tubule

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contain microvilli facing the lumen; functions in active transport of selected molecules out of the filtrate

proximal tubule

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what happens in the proximal tubule?

  1. Na+ pumped into lumen, creating a gradient

  2. cotransporters use gradient to remove ions and nutrients from the filtrate

  3. solutes that move into the cell diffuse into nearby blood vessels

    1. water follows ions from proximal tubule into the cell and into blood vessels

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describe the limbs of the loop of Henle

descending limb is highly permeable to water, but not solutes; ascending limb is permeable to Na+ and Cl-, but not water

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blood vessels surrounding loop of Henle; water and solutes diffuse into vasa recta from loop of Henle

vasa recta

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distal tubule and collecting duct, regulated by ADH

secretion

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small volume of concentrated urine

ADH present

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large volume of dilute urine

no ADH

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signal molecule; binds to receptor at ligand binding site

ligand

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in cytoplasm, respond to hydrophobic ligands that can cross the plasma membrane

intracellular receptors

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membrane anchored proteins that bind to external ligands that function via signal transduction

extracellular receptors

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binds to enzyme site when active and triggers release of second messengers

GPCRs

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any enzyme that helps phosphorylate a molecule

kinase

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triggers phosphorylation cascades that cause a response to be triggered in the cell

RTKs

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act on the same cell that secretes them

autocrine signals

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diffuse locally and act on nearby cells

paracrine signals

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hormones carried between cells by blood or other fluids

endocrine signals d

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diffuse a short distance between neurons

neural signals h

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hormones released from neurons

neuroendocrine signals

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response turns off the signaling pathway

negative feedback o

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organs that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

endocrine system

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what are the chemical classes of hormones?

  1. peptides/polypeptides

  2. amino acids

    1. steroids

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an enzyme activated in response to epinephrine

phosphorylase

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initiates a fight or flight response

epinephrine

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work to maintain glucose homeostasis in the blood

insulin and glucagon

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diabetes that don’t synthesize enough insulin

type 1

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diabetes that makes patients resistant to insulin

type 2

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signaling molecule that regulates urine osmolarity

ADH

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what pathway does ADH take?

hypothalamus → bloodstream → kidneys

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extreme thirst, excessive amount of urine, nighttime urination

diabetes insipidus

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what can be used to treat diabetes insipidus?

desmopressin

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how do you test the kidney’s ability to reabsorb water?

  1. urine density

  2. urine osmolarity

  3. serum osmolarity

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more water = - osmolarity

lower

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a temporary state of reduced metabolic activity

dormancy

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when do plants experience dormancy?

under conditions of cold and drought

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promote plant growth

gibberellins

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inhibits plant growth

abscisic acid (ABA)

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what does ABA do?

induces stomal closure in response to water stress, promotes root elongation and suppresses branching

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what are the types of nerve cells in animals?

  1. sensory neurons - receive and transmit

  2. interneurons - process info

  3. motor neurons - respond

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convert chemical signals to electrical signals

dendrites

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integrates incoming electrical signals

cell body

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conducts electrical signals

axon

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what order of neurons do signals travel?

sensory → interneuron → motor

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don’t transmit electrical signals

Schwann cells

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gaps between Schwann cells

nodes of Ranvier

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the charge difference between the inside and outside of a cell due to differences in charged ions

membrane potential

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resting membrane potential of a neuron is -

-65 mV

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rapid, temporary changes in membrane potential

action potentials

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voltage gated ion channels open in response to -

changes in membrane voltage

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threshold potential = -

-55 mV

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immune system attacks the myelin sheaths; signals can’t jump from node to node

multiple sclerosis

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space between cells

synapse

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how do neurons communicate?

via fusion of synaptic vesicles and release of neurotransmitters

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neurotransmitters result in…

  • EPSP

    • IPSP

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depolarize

EPSP

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hyperpolarize

IPSP

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_ can be used to determine whether a signal is responded to or ignored

summation