Hypothalamus; Anterior & Posterior Pituitary

Posterior pituitary is also called

neurohypophysis

Anterior pituitary is also called

adenohypohysis

Oxytocin

posterior pituitary; in females promotes uterine contractions, triggers milk ejection; acts as a neurotransmitter in brain

ADH

posterior pituitary; targets kidneys, regulates water balance (water retention without Na+ retention)

diabetes inspidus

ADH deficiency caused by hypothalamus or posterior pituitary damage

hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

neural connection between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

hypophyseal portal system

vascular connection between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Growth hormone

anterior pituitary; acts on target cells in liver, skeletal muscle, & bone to produce insulin like growth factor (ILGs) which then promote growth especially in muscle bone and cartilage

Thyroid stimulating hormone

anterior pituitary; stimulates growth of the thyroid gland and secretion of thyroid hormones (TH)

adrenocorticotropic hormone

anterior pituitary; stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids (regulates body response to stress)

Follicle stimulating hormone [women]

anterior pituitary; egg production and follicle growth in ovaries

Follicle stimulating hormone [men]

anterior pituitary; sperm production in testes

Luteninizing hormone [women]

anterior pituitary; ovulation, synthesis & release of estrogens and progesterone

Luteninizing hormone [men]

anterior pituitary; stimulates testosterone secretion

Prolactin

anterior pituitary; milk production after delivery

what causes Cushing's disease (high sugar, high salt)

hypersecretion of glucocorticoids

what causes gigantism

hypersecretion of GH

what causes hypocalcemia

hypersecretion of calcitonin

what causes dwarfism

hyposecretion of GH

what causes hypercalcemia

hyperparathyroidism

what causes androgenital syndrome

hypersecretion of androgens

what causes hyponatremia

hyperaldosteronism

what causes addison’s disease (low sugar, low salt)

hyposecretion of glucocorticoids

what causes hypernatremia

hyperaldosteronism

what causes hypometabolic state

hyposecretion of TSH

once stimulated the adrenal cortex releases

mineralcorticoirds, glucocorticoids, and androgens (but not as much)

the thyroid gland releases

T3 and T4, which are responsible for increasing metabolic rate

estrogens

maturation & maintenance of female reproductive system

progesterone

maintains pregnancy

together estrogen and progesterone…

establish and regulate uterine cycle

mineralcorticoids

salt; regulate electrolytes in ECF (most potent= aldosterone)

glucocorticoids

sugar; keep blood glucose levels constant between meals (cortisol most active— released in response to stress & ACTH)

gonadocorticoids

sex hormones; mostly weak androgens (male sex hormones) converted to testosterone & estrogens in tissues)

two hormones that regulate blood calcium levels

PTH & Calcitonin

two hormones that regulate blood glucose levels

insulin & glucagon

two hormones released in response to short-term stress

epinephrine & noepinephrine

three hormones released in response to long-term stress

ACTH → cortisol and aldosterone

two hormones that together regulate the menstrual cycle

estrogen and progesterone

two hormones that regulate salt and water balance in the ECF

ADH & aldosterone

two hormones that regulate milk production & ejection

prolactin & oxytocin

hormone that regulates body’s metabolic rate & heat production

Thyroid hormone (TH)