SAC 3 - UNIT 4, AOS 1

what is an activity analysis

what is an activity analysis

- involves recording and demonstrating the physical demands on an athlete in a competitive setting.
- Coaches can then design training sessions to simulate these same physical demands in order to improve performance.

Validity

Is it a recognized standardized test?

Does it target the appropriate fitness component?

Does it target the right part of the body (lower, mid upper all 3)

what to improve on for an ativity analysis

a GPS tracker would be useful to provide greater contextual data of where the althlete was going

conclusion

In conclusion, from the skill frequency and movement pattern charts, it can be seen that the major fitness components are muscular power and agility. During a game of netball, all three energy systems are utilised, however the position of GA is mainly reliant on the aerobic system due to the duration of a netball match, but the anaerobic systems increase their contribution when the GA accelerates, jumps, rebounds or intercepts the ball. In a future activity analysis, a GPS tracker would be useful to provide greater contextual data of where the Kiera was going. This would also enable team tactics to further be analysed by knowing Keira’s position on the court, to hence make adjustments.

Reliability

Does it produce consistent results?

• same warmup

• similar nutrition and hydration levels

• conduct at the same time on day

• same equipment, clothing footwear

or lab test more or less accurate then field tests

more accurate

Illniois vs semo

The Illinois agility test involves changing direction over a longer distance and weaving whereas the Semo agility involves different movements

Illinois Agility Test:

• Cost: Low (requires minimal equipment - just cones and a stopwatch)

• Accessibility: High (can be set up easily in various locations)

• Simplicity: Moderate (requires understanding of the pattern, but easy to execute)

• Age appropriateness: Suitable for most ages (particularly youth and adult athletes)

• Psychological considerations: Low stress (familiar movements, though maximal effort required)

• Time efficiency: High (quick to set up and administer)

• Validity and reliability: High (when administered correctly)

• Versatility: Moderate (primarily tests agility and change of direction speed)

Vertical Jump Test:

• Cost: Low (requires only a measuring device or jump mat)

• Accessibility: High (can be performed in most settings)

• Simplicity: High (easy to understand and execute)

• Age appropriateness: Suitable for most ages (from children to adults)

• Psychological considerations: Low stress (familiar movement for most individuals)

• Time efficiency: High (quick to set up and perform)

• Validity and reliability: High (consistent results when properly administered)

• Versatility: Moderate (mainly tests leg power and explosiveness)

Phosphate Recovery Test:

• Cost: Moderate (may require specialized equipment like a cycle ergometer)

• Accessibility: Moderate (typically performed in fitness centers or labs)

• Simplicity: Moderate (requires understanding of test protocol)

• Age appropriateness: More suitable for trained athletes (due to intensity)

• Psychological considerations: Moderate stress (involves maximal effort bouts)

• Time efficiency: Moderate (requires multiple trials with rest periods)

• Validity and reliability: High (when conducted under standardized conditions)

• Versatility: Moderate (tests anaerobic capacity and recovery)

Alternating Ball Toss Test:

• Cost: Low (requires only a ball and a target)

• Accessibility: High (can be performed in various settings)

• Simplicity: High (easy to understand and execute)

• Age appropriateness: Suitable for most ages (adaptable for different skill levels)

• Psychological considerations: Low stress (fun and game-like nature)

• Time efficiency: High (quick to set up and administer)

• Validity and reliability: Moderate (some variability in throwing accuracy)

• Versatility: Moderate (tests hand-eye coordination and ambidexterity)

VO2 Max Test:

• Cost: High (requires specialized equipment like a treadmill and gas analyzer)

• Accessibility: Low (typically performed in exercise physiology labs)

• Simplicity: Low (requires trained personnel and complex data interpretation)

• Age appropriateness: More suitable for trained athletes (due to maximal effort required)

• Psychological considerations: Can be stressful (involves pushing to exhaustion)

• Time efficiency: Low (requires preparation, warm-up, and cool-down)

• Validity and reliability: Very high (gold standard for aerobic capacity assessment)

• Versatility: High (provides comprehensive data on cardiovascular fitness)

60-Second Clap Push-Up Test:

• Cost: Low (requires no equipment)

• Accessibility: High (can be performed anywhere with flat surface)

• Simplicity: High (easy to understand, though challenging to execute)

• Age appropriateness: More suitable for trained individuals (requires significant upper body strength)

• Psychological considerations: Can be challenging (tests mental and physical endurance)

• Time efficiency: High (quick to administer)

• Validity and reliability: Moderate (some variability in form and counting)

• Versatility: Low (primarily tests upper body muscular endurance and power)

20-Metre Sprint Test:

• Cost: Low (requires only a measuring tape and stopwatch or timing gates)

• Accessibility: High (can be performed on any flat surface)

• Simplicity: High (straightforward to understand and execute)

• Age appropriateness: Suitable for most ages (from children to adults)

• Psychological considerations: Low stress (familiar movement for most)

• Time efficiency: High (quick to set up and perform)

• Validity and reliability: High (consistent results with accurate timing)

• Versatility: Moderate (primarily tests acceleration and short-distance speed)

Cooper 12-Minute Run Test:

• Cost: Low (requires only a measured course and stopwatch)

• Accessibility: High (can be performed on any flat surface or track)

• Simplicity: High (easy to understand and execute)

• Age appropriateness: Suitable for most ages (can be adapted for fitness levels)

• Psychological considerations: Can be challenging (requires pacing and endurance)

• Time efficiency: Moderate (12 minutes of continuous effort)

• Validity and reliability: High (correlates well with VO2 max when properly administered)

• Versatility: High (assesses aerobic endurance and can estimate VO2 max)

Seated Basketball Throw:

• Cost: Low (requires only a basketball and measuring tape)

• Accessibility: High (can be performed in various settings)

• Simplicity: High (easy to understand and execute)

• Age appropriateness: Suitable for most ages (can be adapted for different ball sizes)

• Psychological considerations: Low stress (familiar movement for most)

• Time efficiency: High (quick to set up and administer)

• Validity and reliability: Moderate (some variability in throwing technique)

• Versatility: Low (primarily tests upper body power and coordination)

1-RM (Bench Press, Back Squat, Leg Press):

• Cost: Moderate (requires weight training equipment)

• Accessibility: Moderate (needs access to a gym or weight room)

• Simplicity: Moderate (requires proper technique and spotting)

• Age appropriateness: More suitable for trained individuals (due to injury risk)

• Psychological considerations: Can be stressful (maximal effort required)

• Time efficiency: Low (requires proper warm-up and incremental loading)

• Validity and reliability: High (when performed with strict form and protocol)

• Versatility: High (tests maximal strength for various muscle groups)

SEMO Agility Test

• Cost: Low (requires minimal equipment - just cones and a stopwatch)

• Accessibility: High (can be set up easily in various locations)

• Simplicity: Moderate (requires understanding of the pattern, but easy to execute)

• Age appropriateness: Suitable for most ages, particularly youth and adult athletes

• Psychological considerations: Low stress (familiar movements, though maximal effort required)

• Time efficiency: High (quick to set up and administer)

• Validity and reliability: Moderate to High (when administered correctly)

• Versatility: High (tests multiple aspects of agility - forward, backward, and lateral movements)

beginning of essay

The aim of an activity analysis is to gather sport specific physiological data by measuring physical demands of an athlete in a competitive setting. A range of data was collected for ___ in order for coach to determine what the physiological requirements are of ___to make a more effective and specific training program. By determining these demands, the coach will be able to determine the relevant fitness components and energy systems suited to __, to make her training more specific.

aerobic system contribution in a long match

Due to the total duration of the game, the predominant energy system will be the aerobic system. This is due to the anaerobic systems having a finite capacity, due to limited ATP-PC stores and the accumulation of metabolic by-products, hence they cannot sustain the production of ATP for the entire match. When walking back to position after a goal/point is scored, or when the ball is in the other team’s third, there will be an increased contribution from the aerobic system due to the low intensity. During this time it will allow her to restore PC stores where she must be walking or jogging at a low intensity.

anaerobic contribution for a long match

Restoring PC stores will enhance the athlete's ability to jump higher and sprint for short periods by increasing the contribution from the ATP-PC system. This system is crucial for explosive movements such as intercepting the ball or running into space to catch it.

The 1:3 work-to-rest ratio in netball provides substantial recovery periods between intense efforts, enhancing the contribution of the anaerobic glycolysis system. During these rest intervals, metabolic by-products are cleared, enabling more effective ATP-PC system contribution at the onset of intense activity and improved anaerobic glycolysis performance during repeated sprints. In constant high-intensity scenarios, such as player defense or court sprints to receive passes, the anaerobic glycolysis system's contribution increases significantly. This system's rapid ATP production capability allows it to fuel sustained high-intensity efforts once the ATP-PC system is depleted.

what data types determine Aerobic Power

Heart rate telemetry: Shows sustained elevated heart rate, indicating aerobic system engagement.

Movement Patterns: Total distance covered suggests aerobic contribution.

Work:Rest ratio: Extended work periods indicate aerobic system reliance.

what data types determine Anaerobic Capacity

Heart rate telemetry: Rapid increases in heart rate suggest anaerobic system usage.

Work:Rest ratio: Short, intense work periods followed by rest indicate anaerobic system contribution.

what data types determine Muscular Power

Skill frequency charts: Number of jumps, powerful passes, or shots attempted.

Movement Patterns: Rapid accelerations or changes in direction.

what data types determine Muscular Strength & Endurance

Skill frequency charts: Consistent performance of strength-based actions throughout the game.

Work:Rest ratio: Ability to maintain work rate over time indicates muscular endurance.

what data types determine Speed

Movement Patterns: Peak velocities reached during play.

Work:Rest ratio: Short bursts of high-intensity activity.

what data types determine Agility

Movement Patterns: Number and frequency of directional changes.

Skill frequency charts: Successful interceptions or evasions.

what data types determine Coordination

Skill frequency charts: Successful passes, catches, or shots.

what data types determine Balance

Skill frequency charts: Successful landings after jumps, stability during shots.

what data types determine Reaction Time

Skill frequency charts: Successful interceptions, quick passes under pressure.

Movement Patterns: Rapid changes in direction in response to play.

what data types determine Flexibility

Skill frequency charts: Ability to perform skills requiring a wide range of motion.

what does an activity analysis aim to do

- aims to gather sport specific physiological data through a record of performance via viewing or recording of an individual.
- then that helps determine the physiological requirements of the sport
- therefore form the basis of more effective and specific training programs.

what should a coach do in order to make a successful activity analysis

must use the principle of specificity to design tailored training programs using the information they have gained from the activity

information gained from activity analysis.

Skill requirements
Work-to-rest patterns and ratios
Distances travelled at various speeds
Movement patterns, type and direction
Energy system requirements
The intensity of movement and the actions performed
Muscle groups and muscle action
Team strategies
Opponents' strengths and weaknesses
Biomechanical techniques

what Sports is best suited for activity analysis

intermittent activity (Netball, Volleyball, Surfing)

Why is Sports involving continuous activity harder to do activity analysis

harder as there is a limited amount of data that can be used (heart rates & intensities)

methods of data collection

Direct Observation, Digital Recording, Mobile Applications,
Wearable technologies

Direct Observation

- The highly practical, and simple process of coaches and trainers observing activities and then
make decisions about the demands of the game based on what they see.

advantages of Direct Observation

- Ability for coaches/athletes to implement immediate change if required
- Highly practical in a variety of settings

Disadvantages of Direct Observation

- Highly subjective data collection method
- Memory limitations associated with observing for long
periods of time
- Labour intensive ie difficult to view and record
observations at the same time
- Difficult to observe every single aspect of a sport at a "live"
pace
- Hard to observe over larger playing/race areas
- Difficulty associated with observing multiple athletes at the same time

Direct observation with statistical support

Coaches and trainers observe activities, with accompanying statistical information, providing objective data that results in more specific and effective feedback for their athletes.

Digital recording

- This method involves the recording of a match, race or
training session by a digital video camera, smart phone, or
tablet.
- This allows for coaches, trainers, and athletes to view,
replay, slow-down and freeze-frame the footage as often as
needed.

Advantages of digital recordings

- Ability to store and archive footage
- Ability to replay at any time
- Ability to share and transmit footage
easily
- Computer programs (Hawkeye etc.) can process footage for further analysis
- Increased accuracy when compared to direct observation

Disadvantages of digital recordings

- Difficulty associated with recording sports that cover large
areas
- Expensive
- Trained equipment operators often required
- Labour intensive process filming, editing etc

Mobile applications

- Applications, such as Easy tag below, are an easy and accessible way of recording accurate, objective data for later analysis.
-The use of smart phones and tablets also carry the advantages of being portable, convenient, accessible and low cost.

Advantages of mobile applications

- Ability to store and archive data
- Increased accuracy when compared to direct observation
- Ability to share and transmit data easily
- Ease of data collection via app
- Low cost
- Can be used in a variety of settings

disadvantages of mobile applications

- Can be difficult for one person to both view and record
data
- Difficulty associated with recording sports that cover large
areas
- Difficult to view multiple players at the same time

Wearable technologies

- Wearable technologies include, fitness trackers, smart
watches & phones, GPS tracking devices, heart rate
monitors, and Radio frequency identification chips.
- These innovative technologies are constantly evolving with
regards to the data captured, the ease of data collection,
and the interactivity an individual can have with their data

Advantages of wearable technologies

- Ability to store and archive data
- Can be used in the field, and other large
areas
- Can record multiple people at once
- Increased accuracy when compared to
direct observation
- Combine movement patterns with
intensities
- Ability to identify fatiguing athletes based on decrement in performance
- Ability to share and transmit data easily
- Ease of data collection via device

Disadvantages of wearable technologies

- Expensive devices
- Slight discomfort in wearing some models
- Interference from nearby devices
- Not all models are waterproof
- Technical operators of equipment is required

Heart-Rate Monitoring advantages

- Monitoring is relatively cheap.
- Monitoring is generally unobtrusive and doesn't interfere with performance.
- It creates an accurate collection of playing intensities.

Heart-Rate Monitoring disadvantages

- Waterproof monitor models are expensive.
- There may be interference from nearby digital transmitters.
- There may be delays in ·real-time· signals.
- Data may need to be downloaded after an event is finished, if the receiver is not close.

GPS advantages

- GPS combines movement patterns with intensities.
- It easily identifies the players who are ·fatiguing· and the players whose efforts are dropping in intensity (useful for player rotation on and off the bench).
- Can be used in the field - doesn't require a laboratory.

GPS disadvantages

- The number of monitors may be limited, so it may not be possible for every player to be monitored.
- Some models can be uncomfortable to wear.

advantages of Filming, aerial, sports analysis, etc

- Every player is visible for the whole game.
- Picture-in-picture allows players to be monitored when ·off the ball' and enables tactical decision making to be observed.
- Movements can be further analysed by biomechanists and/or computer programs to make comparisons with the most efficient or effective techniques and skill execution.
- Increases spectators· understanding and following of the game.
- Allows field referees to call for third-umpire decisions.

disadvantages of Filming, aerial, sports analysis, etc

- This is expensive to set up and requires many operators to use the many cameras or recorders (though remotely operated recording is increasingly being used).

what do we exactly analyse

Movement Patterns
Fitness Components
Energy Systems
Skill Frequencies
Playing Intensities
Major Muscles Used

what are movement patterns and how can they help us?

Movement Patterns refer to the typical movements completed by the performer during a game or activity. They help to determine the energy systems and fitness components used.

Types of data

Movement Patterns
Skill frequency charts
Work : Rest ratio
Heart rate telemetry

Movement pattern charts

Movement pattern charts track the movement and magnitude of movement (intensity) around the field/court etc.

What do Movement pattern charts reveal:

• distance travelled and time spent in different speed zones
• average distance travelled in each speed zone
• number of efforts completed in each speed zone
• hot spots on the field where repeated movement patterns or set plays are completed
• contrasting movement patterns at different stages of a match/race
• contrasting movement patterns at different stages of a season

What assumptions about Movement pattern charts can the analysts make:

• the dominant energy systems utilised
• important fitness components utilised
• intensity data and work to rest ratios
• patterns of play

Skill frequency charts

Skill frequency charts provide crucial information about physiological parameters.

What do Skill frequency charts reveal:

• frequency of common skills executed in match
• effectiveness of common skills executed in match

What assumptions about the skill frequency charts can the analysts make:

• important fitness components utilised
• major muscle groups utilised
• major muscle movements utilised
• specific fitness tests to assess fitness components
• specific training methods to incorporate in programs
• specific training activities within training program

combining intensity charts and work to rest ratios

When combined, intensity charts and work to rest ratios provide far more accurate and practical physiological information that can be used in a training program design.

What can work to rest ratios reveal:

• overall time spent working in different intensity zones
• overall work : rest ratio
• average length of work periods
• average length of rest periods
• length of work periods at certain intensities

What assumptions about work to rest ratios can the analysts make:

• important fitness components utilised
• contributions of different energy systems throughout event
• specific fitness tests to assess fitness components
• specific training methods to incorporate in programs
• specific training activities within training program

Heart rate telemetry

- An individual's heart rate response is typically used to estimate energy expenditure and therefore intensity when performing physical activity.
- Heart rates can be gathered manually by locating the radial pulse in the wrist, or with a heart rate telemeter (device).
- Heart rate information can be analysed and used for training program design by providing training zones specific to the requirements of the game situations.

What can Heart rate telemetry reveal:

• average heart rate exertion in match
• maximum heart rate exertion in match
• range of intensities experienced throughout match

Heart rate zone, Intensity, (% max HR) Training zone Table

1 Heart rate zone-95% max HR (Improving aerobic power)
2 Heart rate zone 85-95% max HR (Anaerobic endurance)
3 Heart rate zone- 70-85% max HR (Aerobic endurance)
4 Heart rate zone -<70% max HR (Recovery and regeneration)

What assumptions about heart rate telemetry can analysts make:

• specific training zone intensities for future training sessions
• important fitness components utilised
• specific training methods to incorporate in programs
• specific training activities within training program

The only data analysis that can provide information about the major muscle contribution to performance and skills is:

skill frequencies.

why it is important to replicate heart rates from the activity analysis

- ensure the correct energy systems are being trained.
- enable the sport /activity specific body system adaptations to occur.
- spend similar times/frequencies at heart rates likely to be experienced during games/competition.

why it is important to replicate work:rest ratios from the activity analysis

- provide the correct recovery times in between efforts (especially for PC restoration).
- train the body to perform in a similar way as it is required to during games/competition.
- replicate energy system interplay likely to occur during games/competition.

components of fitness (health)

Aerobic Power
Muscular Strength
Muscular Endurance
Flexibility
Body Composition

components of fitness (skills)

Anaerobic Capacity
Muscular Power
Speed
Coordination
Balance
Agility
Reaction Time

Anaerobic Capacity

- The total amount of energy produced from the Anaerobic Systems (ie. energy produced in the absence of oxygen).
- This is limited due to the finite capacity of both the ATP-PC system and the Anaerobic Glycolysis System.

Muscular Power

- The ability of a muscle/muscle group to generate maximum force in the shortest period of time.

Power formula

Power = Force X Speed

Speed

- The ability to move the body or part of the body from one point to another as quickly as possible.

formula of speed

It is the rate of motion and can be calculated by:
Distance / Time

coordination

The ability of the body to use different parts of the body together smoothly and efficiently to perform a particular movement/skill.
OR
The ability to use an external implement and different body parts smoothly and efficiently to perform a particular movement/skill.

Balance

The ability of the body to remain in a state of equilibrium whilst performing a desired task. There are two types

the 2 types of balance

Static Balance - involves keeping the body's balance under control whilst not moving.
Dynamic Balance - involves keeping the body's balance under control whilst moving.

Agility

- The ability to change directions with maximum speed and - control.
- It is a combination of speed, flexibility and dynamic balance

Reaction Time

- The time it takes for the body to respond to an external stimulus.
-The brain must react to various input sources, process them, select a response and then activate the expected muscular response.

Aerobic Power

- The maximum rate of energy production from the Aerobic System (ie. energy produced in the presence of oxygen).
- It relies on the capacity of the Cardiovascular and the Respiratory Systems to work together to deliver more oxygen to the working muscles in order to work aerobically.

Muscular Strength

- The maximum amount of force generated from a muscle/muscle group in one maximal effort.
- It is specific to; the muscle group, type of muscle action, speed of contraction and joint angle.

muscular endurance

The ability of a muscle/muscle group to perform repeated contractions (concentric, eccentric or isokinetic)
OR
maintain an isometric contraction for an extended period of time.

Flexibility

- The capacity of a joint to move through it's full range of motion. It reflects the ability of the muscles and connective tissues to stretch.

2 types of flexibility

- Static Flexibility is the ability to reach and hold a point in a joint's range of motion.
- Dynamic Flexibility is the ability to move a joint quickly through its range of motion with little resistance

Body Composition

- The relative proportions of bone, muscle and fat within the body.
- The body can be divided into: Fat-mass (essential and non-essential fat stores) and Fat-Free mass (bones, water, muscle, connective tissue, organs and teeth).
- Certain sports will require particular body compositions.

What factors affect aerobic power

- sex
- age
- fiber type

At what age does VO2 max peak?

VO2 max peaks at 25 years old.

What are the reasons for the decline in VO2 max with age? (this results in decreased aerobic power

- The decline in VO2 max with age is due to decreased lung elasticity, decreased haemoglobin levels, and decreased muscle mass, leading to fewer mitochondria.
- Due to the decline of vo2 max there will be a decline in aerobic power

What are haemoglobin levels?

Haemoglobin levels refer to the amount of haemoglobin in the blood. Haemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.

How does a decrease in haemoglobin levels affect VO2 max?

A decrease in haemoglobin levels reduces the blood's capacity to carry oxygen, which can lower VO2 max because less oxygen is available for muscles during exercise.

What are mitochondria?

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells, producing energy that cells need to function. They play a crucial role in aerobic respiration and energy production.