Actual World History Study Guide

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (the directory) to become emperor of France in 1804

Voltaire

Believed above in efficacy of reason. Believed social progress could be achieved through reason and that no authority should be immune to challenge by reason.

Arab Spring

A wave of revolutions that swept through North Africa and the Middle East in 2011.

Militarism

The prioritization and glorification of the armed forces; societies that support this philosophy spend many resources on the armed forces and believe in using force as a main method.

Olaudah Equiano

First international popular slave narrative writer. He expresses a strong abolitionist stance and provided a firsthand testimony of the transatlantic slave trade.

Outsourcing

When companies decide to open factories or parts of their business in a different country because it is cheaper than paying the workers in the company’s home country.

Why did Hitler sign the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact?

To clear the way for invading Poland.

Transatlantic Slave Trade

The purchases, transportation, and sale of enslaved people from Africa to the United States.

Middle Passage

The voyage Africans were forced to endure from Africa the Americas. During this passage Africans were forced to live in inhumane conditions and were mistreated.

Main Causes of World War I

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism.

European Union

An international organization of European countries focused on common economic, social, and security policies.

Why did Spain sponsor a voyage West and not another European Country?

Spain couldn’t go through the Mediterranean because of the Italians and they couldn’t go around Africa because of the Portuguese.

Mercantilism

Economic philosophy popular during colonialism where countries viewed trade as a win/lose exchange.

Nuremberg Trails

Nazi Germany leaders stood trial for war crime and crimes against humanity.

John Locke

Three Natural Rights - Life, Liberty, and Property.

Pseudo-science

A collection of beliefs or practices mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method. Used by Hitler to “prove” the “master race.”

Child Labor Laws

Fair labor standards act banned children under 18 from working dangerous jobs and children under 16 were forbidden from working in manufacturing or mining or during school hours.

Otto von Bismarck

German statesman who helped unify Germany and led the conference in which European empires divided up Africa (scramble of africa)

Absolutism/Absolute Monarchy

The governmental philosophy where rulers have no limits on their power, often support by a belief in the divine right of rule.

Conquistador

Spanish invader during the colonial period.

What aspects of life and society did the Meiji Restoration reform?

Japan’s education, government, military, and economy.

Social Darwinism

The practice of misapplying the biological evolutionary language of Charles Darwin to politics, the economy, and society.

French Revolution

Period of major and political upheaval from 1787-1799. It south to change the relationship between the rulers and those they governed and to redefine the nature of political power.

Holodomor

3-7 million Ukrainians starved to death under Stalin’s rule.

Axis Powers of World War II

Germany, Italy, and Japan

In the following a policy of appeasement, Britain and France were taking what controversial actions?

Giving in to Hitler’s demands

Mary Wollstonecraft

Argued women are not naturally inferior to men but appear to be only because they lack education. Men and women should be treated as rational beings.

Divine Right of Kings

Political doctrine in defenses of absolutism and asserted that kings derived their authority from God and could not be held accountable for their actions by any authority (parliament)

Montesquieu

Opposed the absolute monarchy of his home country and favored the English system as the best model of government.

Globalization

The development of an increasingly integrated global economy marked especially by free trade, free flow, of capital, and the tapping of cheaper foreign labor markets.

Over time, the Treaty of Versailles led to….

Building resentment in Germany, as citizens

were left behind economically.

Humanism

The philosophy that states humans are capable of great accomplishments, are not inherently bad, and deserve to have their accomplishments celebrated.

Franz Ferdinand

Assassinated by the black hand terrorist organization group, sparked World War I.

Simon Bolivar

Venezuelan statesman who led South Americans colonies to revolt against Spanish rule.

Holocaust/Shoah

The genocide which killed approximately 11 million people in Europe from 1933-1945; the primary group targeted were Jews, and 2/3 of Europe’s Jewish population was killed as a result.

OPEC

A group of oil producing countries that work together to set the price of oil so they can make a profit

Deng Xiaoping

In the 1980s, he led China away from a planed economy and

encouraged foreign investments and technology; thus, turning China into one of the world's fastest-growing economies.

Gunpowder Empires

Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires that used gunpowder and artillery to become successful as well flourishing in their culture.

Rousseau

Argued for democracy, equality, liberty, and supporting

the common good by any means necessary.

Toussaint Louverture

Former slave and military genius who led the fight for Haiti’s independence.

Fascism

The political philosophy that employs extreme nationalism, totalitarian, and the silencing dissent in the service of restoring a county's mythical past glory.

Communism

The political philosophy that workers should own the means of production in order to eliminate exploitation.

Third estate

The third class of French society which included commoners that made up 96% of the French population.

The Balkans were an important location on the lead up to World War I because…

They were home to the Balkan nationalist movement, which threatened Austria-Hungary’s control of Bosnia.

Great Leap Forward

Mao Zedong created huge collective farms, promoted marking of steel and cements on farms, known as the great leap backward, and resulted in a famine that killed roughly 20 million people.

Scientific Revolution

People began to look for evidence that they could personally observe.

Genocide

The attempted/aimed extermination/elimination, in whole or in part, of a national, ethnical, racial and/or religious group.

Urbanization

Population shift from rural to urban areas due to the Industrial Revolution. Negative results of this include increase crime rate, poor living conditions, and increase pollution.

Colombian Exchange

The resulting trading of the “old” and the “new” world germs, animals, plants, peoples, cultures

The Cold war was mainly a contest between which two nations over what?

U.S and USSR (Soviet Union) over different ideologies (Communism vs Capitalism)

Triangle Trade

3 system trading network. Europe (manufactured goods) —> Africa (slaves) —> America (Resources) —> Europe (Manufactured goods)