unit 4 Kant & Categorical Imperatives: Crash Course Philosophy #35

Divine Command Theory argues that what’s good and what’s not are determined by __________.

a deity.

The Theory of Natural Law, advanced by Thomas Aquinas, says that morality comes from us, but only because we were made by __________.

God.

Eighteenth-century German philosopher __________ argued that religion and morality should be kept apart.

Immanuel Kant.

Kant believed that morality is __________, in an almost mathematical sense.

a constant.

Kant distinguished between __________, which are commands that can be ignored if one doesn't desire the outcome, and __________, which must be followed regardless of desires.

hypothetical imperatives; categorical imperatives.

Kant's first formulation of the categorical imperative is known as the __________ principle.

universalizability.

Kant's phrasing of the first formulation is: 'Act only according to that maxim which you can at the same time will that it should become a __________ law without contradiction.'

universal.

The act of taking a chom-chom without paying for it is an example of __________ in Kant's ethical framework.

stealing.

Kant argued that lying to protect someone can lead to __________, as moral actions cannot bring about contradictions.

contradications.

To use someone as a 'mere means' means to use them only for your own __________, with no consideration for their interests.

benefit.

According to Kant, humans are __________ because we are rational and autonomous.

ends-in-ourselves.

Kant argued that deception prevents people from making __________ decisions.

autonomous.

Kant’s second categorical imperative states that we should treat humanity as an __________ and never as a mere means.

end.

Proper application of the categorical imperative leads to moral truth that is fixed and applicable to all moral __________.

agents.

Kantian ethics contrasts with __________, which is the focus of the next discussion after Kant.

utilitarianism.

According to Kant, moral actions must be universalizable; therefore, an action that can be made into a universal law is said to be __________.

moral.

Kant's ethical framework emphasizes that acting in accordance with duty, rather than __________, is what defines moral behavior.

consequences.

In Kantian ethics, the ability to reason and make rational choices inherently gives humans __________.

dignity.

Kant's ethics is based on the premise that rational beings should follow the __________ principles derived from pure reason.

moral.

The phrase 'Act only on that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a __________ law' captures the essence of Kant's ethics.

universal.

To violate one's duty in Kant's view is to treat someone as a __________, disregarding their inherent worth.

means.

The idea that morality is grounded in __________ rather than emotion or consequence is central to Kantian ethics.

reason.

Kant believed that morality requires that we act from a sense of __________, which determines our duty.

duty.

Kant’s principle of autonomy emphasizes that rational beings must make choices based on __________ reason.

their own.

In Kantian ethics, failing to act according to one's duty results in __________ for violating moral law.

guilt.