Unit 7 AP Human Geography

Flashcards for all the necessary terminology of Unit 7

Industry

any economic activity using machinery on a large scale to process raw materials into products

Raw Materials

any metals, wood or other plant products, animal products, or other substances that are used to make intermediate or finished goods

Industrialization

the process in which the interaction of social and economic factors causes the development of industries on a wide scale

Industrial Revolution

the radical change in manufacturing methods that began in Great Britain in the mid-18th century and was marked by the shift from small-scale hand-crafted, muscle-powered prudction to power-driven mass production

Cottage Industries

preindustrial form of manufacturing in which members of families spread out through rural areas worked in their homes to make goods

Economic Sectors

collections of industries engaged in similar economic activites based on the creation of raw materials and production of goods

Primary Sector

removing or harvesting of products from the Earth

Secondary Sector

manufacturing, processing, and construction of goods from raw materials

Tertiary Sector

involves the transportation, storage, and marketing of goods and services

Quaternary Sector

activities that require workers to process and handle information and environmental technology

Quinary Sector

subset of quaternary, involves top leaders in government, science, media, etc.

Postindustrial Economy

economic pattern marked by predominant tertiary sector and good share of 4th and 5th sector jobs

Dual Economies

economies with two distinct distributions of economic activity across the economic sectors

Least-Cost Theory

industrial location theory by Alfred Weber, businesses locate their facilities in a particular place because that location minimizes the costs of production

Agglomeration

the tendency of enterprises in the same industry to cluster in the same area

Break-of-Bulk Points

location where it is more economical to break raw materials before shipping further

Bulk-Reducing Industries

industry in which the raw materials cost more to transport than the finished goods

Bulk-Gaining Industries

industry in which the finished goods cost more to transport than the raw materials

Industrial Parks

collection of manufacturing facilities in a particular area that is found in suburbs near highways, facilitates movement of raw materials and finished products

Human Development

the processes involved in the improvement of people’s freedoms, rights, choices, and capabilities

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

total value of goods and services produced by a country’s economy in a year

Gross National Product (GNP)

total value of goods and services produced by a country’s citizens and companies both domestically and internationally per year

Gross National Income (GNI)

total value of goods/services globally produced by a country in a year divided by the country’s population

Formal Sector

businesses and other economic activities that have government recognition and are taxed

Informal Sector

any part of a country’s economy that is outside the government or regulation

Human Development Index (HDI)

measure that determines the overall development of a country by incorporating 3 factors of human development:

1. Life expectancy at birth

2. Level of schooling

3. Standard of living by GNI per capita

Gender Development Index (GDI)

measure that calculates gender disparity through dimensions of health, knowledge, and standard of living

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

measure that calculates gender inequality through reproductive health, empowerment, and LMP

Women’s Empowerment

women’s options and access to participate fully in the social and economic spheres of society

Labor Market Participation (LMP)

measure of an economy’s active labor force

Microloans

a small, short-term loan with low interest intended to help people in need

Stages of Economic Growth

model that suggests that all countries can be categorized on a spectrum from traditional to modern

Dependency Theory

theory that describes the developmental challenges of peripheral countries and their relationship with core countries

Commodity Dependence

aspect of dependency theory that occurs when more than 60% of a country’s exports are tied to 1 or 2 resources

Comparative Advantage

relative cost advantage a country has to produce a certain good/service for trade

Complementarity

mutual trade relationships that exists on the supply of raw materials and demand for finished products

Neoliberalism

beliefs that favor free-market capitalism in which trade has no constraints from the government

Deindustrilization

process by which a country or area reduces industrial activity, especially that of heavy indunstry

Growth Poles

place of economic activity clustered around one or more high growth industry that grow due to capitalizing a special asset

Just-in-Time Delivery

a system in which goods are delivered so that companies keep inventory for near-term production

Fordism

highly organized/specialized system of industrial production that focuses on the efficiency and productivity in mass production

Post-Fordism

system focused on small scales batch production for a specialized market which allows for quick change

Offshore Outsourcing

condition when one or more aspects of production moves to an organization in another country

International Division of Labor

pattern of production and labor in which different countries engage in different parts of production and

Multiplier Effects

economic effect in which change leads to larger change

Special Economic Zones

area within a country that offers more favorable economic regulations

Export Processing Zones

area within a country subject to more favorable regulations to encourage foreign investment and manufacturing of goods

Free Trade Zones

large geographical area within a country in which businesses pay few or no tariffs

Ecotourism

a form of tourism based on enjoyment of natural area that minimizes impact to environment

Economies of Scope

companies benefit from the increase in the number of different products under a larger brand name

Deglomeration

when a location is overloaded with similar firms and services

Gini Coefficient

measures the level of income disparity between the country’s richest and poorest population groups on a scale of 0 to 100

Brandt Line

visually depicts the divide between the richer "Global North" and the poorer "Global South" based on GDP per capita

Losch’s Theory

suggests that settlements and businesses are strategically located to maximize profit

Asian Tigers

Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan