Chapter 18 McGraw Hill

The group of organic compounds that includes sugars and starches is the?

carbohydrates

Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are all examples of a type of carbohydrate called a(n)?

polysaccharide

Which are the three major monosaccharides absorbed from the human digestive tract?

glucose, fructose, galactose

Chemicals obtained from the environment that are needed for survival are called ______.

nutrients

List two examples of carbohydrates.

starch and sugar

The primary source of fuel for cellular processes comes from the macronutrient group called the?

carbohydrates

A large molecule made up of many simple sugar molecules is a(n)?

polysaccharides

Glucose, galactose, and fructose are all types of _____, a class of carbohydrates.

monosaccharides

Organic compounds that include fats and oils are referred to as?

lipids

The fats found in meat, egg yolks, dairy products, and palm oils are high in ______ fatty acids. (saturated or unsaturated )

saturated

Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are all examples of a type of carbohydrate called a(n) ?

polysaccharides

The most common dietary lipids are in the category called?

triglycerides

hich are the three major monosaccharides absorbed from the human digestive tract?

glucose, fructose, galactose

Which type of nutrient provides the most energy per gram?

lipids

Any ingested chemical that is used for growth, repair, or maintenance of the body is called a(n) ?

nutrients

Triglycerides containing fatty acids with no double bonds within their carbon chains are examples of _____ fats.

saturated

Fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and therefore must be obtained from the diet are classified as _____ fatty acids.

essential

What is the most common dietary lipid?

triglycerides

Glucose, galactose, and fructose are all types of _____, a class of carbohydrates.

monosaccharides

Per gram, fats provide ______ as much energy as carbohydrates and proteins.

twice

Glycerol and fatty acids are produced through the hydrolysis of ______. These products may enter catabolic pathways and provide energy.

triglycerides

Some types of fatty acids cannot be synthesized by the body. What is the classification of these molecules that must be obtained in the diet?

essential fatty acids

Lipoproteins consist of a "shell" containing______ and a core containing ______.

protein; triglycerides

Which type of nutrient provides the most energy per gram?

lipids

e American Heart Association advises that a diet should not exceed ______ percent of total daily calories from fat.

30

Hydrolysis of a triglyceride releases _____.

glycerol and fatty acids

A chain of amino acids forms a ______.

protein

High-quality proteins that have adequate amounts of all of the essential amino acids are called ______ proteins.

complete

What is the most common dietary lipid?

triglycerides

Substances called ______ consist of a surface layer of phospholipid, cholesterol, and protein that surrounds a core consisting of triglycerides and other lipid-soluble compounds.

lipoproteins

The USDA advises that a diet should not exceed_____ percent of total daily calories from fat.

30

Name the subunits used to build protein molecules.

amino acids

In comparing the classes of macronutrients, name the class that provides the most energy per gram.

fat

Proteins that provide all of the essential amino acids in the necessary proportions for human tissue growth, maintenance, and nitrogen balance are classified as ______ proteins.

complete

The amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius is the definition of a(n)?

calorie

A growing child, a pregnant woman, and an athlete in training are likely to have a(n) ______ nitrogen balance because more protein is being built into new tissue and less is being used for energy or excreted.

positive

Lipoproteins consist of a "shell" containing ______ and a core containing ______.

protein; triglycerides

As an energy storage molecule, fat contains more than twice as much energy (calories) per gram than carbohydrates or protein.

true

Substances called ______ consist of a surface layer of phospholipid, cholesterol, and protein that surrounds a core consisting of triglycerides and other lipid-soluble compounds.

lipoproteins

Appetite is regulated by the ______.

hypothalamus

Vitamins are ______ compounds required in small amounts for normal metabolism that body cells cannot synthesize in adequate amounts.

organic

Which nutrient is absorbed along with other lipids, dissolves in lipids, and can lead to overdose with excess intake?

fat-soluble vitamins

The vitamin that can be produced from provitamin substances called carotenes is vitamin

A

The physiological drive to seek food, regulated by the hypothalamus, is called

appetite

Precursor substances that are converted to vitamins are called

provitamins

The visual pigment called rhodopsin A is synthesized from a form of vitamin

A

Which vitamin, along with its precursor beta carotene, acts as an antioxidant? Antioxidants combine with molecules that have unshared electrons that are highly reactive and damaging to cellular structures.

A

Vitamin _____ is needed for vision (production of rhodopsin) as well as the health of bones, teeth, and epithelial cells of skin and mucosae.

A

What are two functions of the B vitamins (as a group)?

essential for cellular metabolism, role in cellular respiration

Which vitamin functions as part of the coenzyme required for oxidation of carbohydrates (required for pyruvic acid to enter the citric acid cycle) and is the coenzyme required for ribose synthesis?

thiamine (vitamin B₁)

Vitamin D can be produced in the skin from a______-derived precursor, after exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light.

cholesterol

The group of water-soluble vitamins that is essential for normal cellular metabolism is called the ______vitamins. They are coenzymes for reactions that oxidize carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins during cellular respiration.

B or B-complex

The vitamin that functions as part of the coenzyme required for oxidation of carbohydrates (required for pyruvic acid to enter the citric acid cycle) and is the coenzyme required for ribose synthesis is called

thiamine

Prolonged deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) can lead to the condition called

beriberi

Vitamin ______ is needed for vision (production of rhodopsin) as well as the health of bones, teeth, and epithelial cells of skin and mucosae.

A

Which vitamin has a yellowish color and functions as a part of enzymes and coenzymes, including FAD, required for oxidation of glucose and fatty acids and for cellular growth?

riboflavin (vitamin B₂)

The vitamin that is classified as a flavoprotein, and functions to oxidize glucose and fatty acids, is

B2

The vitamin that functions as a part of coenzymes NAD and NADP that are required for oxidation of glucose and the synthesis of proteins and fats is

niacin, B3, or B 3

The vitamin that functions as a part of enzymes and coenzymes, including FAD, that are required for oxidation of glucose and fatty acids and for cellular growth is called

riboflavin

The condition called pellagra is due to a deficiency of ______, and results in dermatitis, inflammation of the digestive tract, and mental disorders.

niacin

In societies with adequate food supplies, the deficiency diseases beriberi and pellagra can be seen in ______.

people with alcoholism

Which vitamin functions as part of coenzyme A that is required for oxidation of carbohydrates and fats?

pantothenic acid (vitamin B₅)

Vegans may be at risk for a deficiency of vitamin _____ since it is only obtained from foods of animal origin.

B12

Which two conditions are likely to develop in people with alcoholism?

beriberi, pellagra

Vitamin B12 requires _____ to be absorbed from the small intestine.

intrinsic factor

The condition called pellagra is due to a deficiency of ______, and results in dermatitis, inflammation of the digestive tract, and mental disorders.

niacin

Pantothenic acid is essential to cellular energy release because it functions as part of a complex molecule called ______ ______ which reacts with intermediate products of carbohydrate and fat metabolism to produce acetyl coenzyme A for entry into the citric acid cycle.  

Coenzyme A

Nutrients called _____ are inorganic elements essential in human metabolism.

minerals

Which vitamin can only be obtained from animal sources?

vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)

Which is a function of minerals?

maintenance of pH in bodily fluids

The vitamin called______ requires intrinsic factor (produced by cells of the stomach) to be absorbed from the small intestine.

cyanocobalamin (B12)

The most abundant major minerals are______.

calcium and phosphorus

Vitamin D increases absorption of _____ from the intestine.

calcium

Nutrients called ________ are important in human metabolism, muscle fiber contraction, blood clotting, and maintaining osmotic pressure.

minerals

The minerals that are abundant in the body are called ______ minerals. They include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium.

major , macrominerals, or macro

List two functions of calcium.

essential for nerve impulse conduction, essential for muscle contraction

The vitamin that increases absorption of calcium from the intestine is vitamin ___.

D

The mineral ______ is more abundant inside of cells, while ______ is more abundant outside of cells.

potassium; sodium

Minerals that the body requires in very small amounts are called ______.

trace elements

What is the definition of an "adequate diet"?

A diet that provides enough calories and essential nutrients to support normal growth and function.

A lack of essential nutrients or an inability to use them leads to a type of poor nutrition called?

malnutrition

Potassium is more abundant in the ______ fluid.

Intracellular or extracellular?

intracellular

The minerals that the body requires in very small amounts, including zinc, iron, manganese, copper, fluorine, and iodine, are called ____ elements.

trace

T or F : If glycogen and fat reserves are depleted, the body begins to use protein as fuel.

True