Bio 330 - Midterm - Concordia University

Concordia University Montreal QC, CA. Bio330 with Nicola Smith

Cladistics

organization of organisms by shared derived characteristics

Monophyly

A group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants

Parsimony

The simplest explanation for observed character state changes

Apomorphy

Derived traits - features that have evolved in a lineage and are different from the ancestral traits

Paraphyly

A taxon that includes the common ancestor and some but not all of its descendants

Sister Group

A monophyletic lineage most closely related to the monophyletic lineage being discussed

Synapomorphy

Shared derived traits - defines clades; present in multiple related species inherited from a common ancestor

Plesiomorphy

Shared features that have been inherited from a distant relative; many clades will have this trait

Homoplasy

similarities in characters that are not indicative of a common ancestry (analogous trait)

What is the difference between Homoplasy and Homology?

Homology is a similar trait derived from a common ancestor

Homoplasy is a similar trait NOT derived from a common ancestor

What are common traits of the Phylum Chordata?

Notochord, dorsal neural tube, postanal tail

What are the 3 subphyla of chordates?

Vertebrates, urochordates (tunicates), cephalochordates (lancelets)

What is a vertebrate?

Has vertebrae serially arranges to form spinal column

cranium, prominent head w/ complex sense organs, large brains, endocrine organs, muscularized gut tube

multichambered heart, mineralized tissues (bone, enamel, etc.), gills

In vertebrates, what is the coelem?

the body cavity within the mesoderm containing the internal organs

What is the pericardial cavity?

Cavity containing the heart

What are the pleural cavities for?

allow the lungs to expand and contract without interfering with other organs

osteoichthyes

Bony vertebrates

What are the features of cyclostoma?

single median nostril, gills supported by gill arch, a velum, a tongue with teeth, periocular trunk muscles

What are gnathostomes?

jawed vertebrates

Where does gas exchange occur in the gills?

secondary lamellae

What benefit does countercurrent exchange offer?

blood flows in the opposite direction of water to assure that more oxygen diffuses into the blood

What are the two types of swim bladders and how do they work?

Physostomes: swim bladder connected to gut and bladder thru pneumatic tube; gulps of air fill, burping empties

Physoclists: gas bladder volume is controlled by secreting gas from blood or absorbing and releasing it at the gills

Where are the neuromast cells found in fish?

receptors in the lateral line

each hair of neuromast organ has a kinocillium embedded in cupula

movement excites the kinocilium and fires the afferent lateralis neuron

What are the electroreceptive organs that allow sharks and other animals to detect electrical fields?

ampullae of lorenzini

Isoosmolal

solutes in body in equilibrium with environment

hypoosmolal

solutes in body are in lower concentration than environment

Hyperosmolal

Solutes in body are in higher concentration than environment

What are chondrichthyes?

Cartilaginous fish

What are unique features of chontrichthyes?

tooth whorls, heterocercal tail, placoid scales

Shark reproduction is universally _________ (external or internal)

Internal

What is Sarcopterygii?

lobe finned fishes

What is actinopterygii?

Ray-finned fished

What are some distinct features of sarcopterygii?

Fin webs originate from muscular bones, symmetrical 3-lobed tail, rostral organ, viviparous

What are teleosts and what are their distinct features?

largest group of ray-finned fish

protrusible oral jaws, pharyngeal teeth, fins, dermal armor

What are the 4 major clades of teleosts?

Osteoglossomorpha (arapaima), Elopomorpha (tarpon), Clupeomorpha (sardines), Euteleostei (catfish, pike, salmon, lanternfish, anglerfish, flying fish, cichlids)

How does fish locomotion occur?

the anterior to posterior sequential contraction of myomeres on one side of the body paired with the simultaneous relaxation of myomeres on the opposite side

What are the two types of drag that fish builds need to worry about?

Viscous drag: friction between a fish’s body and surrounding water (thin body = high viscous drag)

Inertial drag: caused by pressure difference resulting from fish’s displacement of water

What is the difference between mesopelagic and bathypelagic fishes?

Mesopelagic fish carry out daily migration to surface to enter areas of higher productivity

Bathypelagic fish are less active, stay in deep water because daily migration too costly - increased eye size, light sensitivity, large jaws

What are the major subdivisions of the vertebrate skeleton?

Axial skeleton: skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum

Appendicular skeleton: Limbs and limb girdles

What unique specializations do land animals have in regards to food consumption?

Salivary glands, tongue projections

How do non-amniote terrestrial creatures breath?

Positive pressure buccal bumping to inflate lungs

How do amniotic terrestrial creatures breath?

expansion of rib cage creates negative pressure

What is unique about terrestrial circulatory systems?

Terrestrial tetrapods have a higher blood pressure and contraction of adjacent skeletal muscles assists in prevention of blood pooling in low areas

veins also have valves to prevent back flow

What is double circulation?

Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood passes through the heart

What is single circulation?

oxygenated blood from the gills flows straight to the body without returning back to the heart

What are unique features of amphibians?

moist, scaleless, permeable skin

poison (granular) glands

Cutaneous gas exchange

Papilla amphibiorum and papilla basilaris

all adults are carnivorous

What is kleptogenesis?

reproductive mode in an all female salamander population

males of five different sperm donors can fertilize their eggs

What are some unique anuran features?

Vocalizations that identify species, sex, individuals

Mainly external fertilization

What is dermatophagy?

A feeding method in which females give birth to young that are in undeveloped stage

young feed by seizing the skin on mother’s body and spinning about their body axis to tear off pieces

What are synapsids?

Mammals

What are sauropsids?

Reptiles, birds

What are some unique features of synapsids?

upright posture, limbs underneath trunk

loss of ventral ribs, development of diaphragm

Tidal ventilation; elaborate gas exchange surfaces

left systemic arch is primary route of blood flow

well-developed kidney produces concentrated urine - ammonia excreted as urea

well developed sense of smell

What are some unique features of sauropsids?

Bipedality

some retain expansion/contraction of rib cage, others lost ventral ribs

flow through ventilation; faveoli, cross current exchange

right systemic arch is primary route of blood flow

kidneys do not store concentrated urine - excrete ammonia as uric acid

poorly developed sense of smell

What are turbinates?

array of thin sheets of bone/cartilage in nasal passage to warm and humidify air as it enters the body

What are lepidosaurs?

Tuatara, lizards, snakes

What is unique about the tuatara?

1 species; sister lineage of lizards and snakes

What are unique features of snakes?

limbless, unique jaw specializations

What protein stimulates limb formation?

Sonic Hedgehog (Shh)

What are the types of locomotion that snakes exhibit?

Lateral undulation: body is thrown into a series of curves that press backwards to exert force

rectilinear locomotion: used by heavy bodied snakes - alternate sections of body are lifted off the ground; used when stalking

Concertina locomotion: used in narrow passages - body anchored against the wall

What kind of feeding strategy do squamates exhibit?

sit and wait predators

widely foraging predators - follow same route and check same sites

What does oviparous mean?

eggs hatch after being laid

What does viviparous mean?

birthing live young

What kind of reproduction strategy is better suited for colder climates?

viviparity - mother can control temperature of embryos if they are inside the body

What is parthogenesis?

reproduction by females without fertilization by males

True or False?

Sharks typically have a homocercal tail.

False

Shark’s caudal fins are heterocercal

True or False?

Costal ventilation refers to moving air in and out of the lungs rib muscles to expand the lungs.

True

True or False?

Ectothermy is a derived trait in tetrapods.

False

Endothermy is a derived trait in tetrapods

Ectothermy is an ancestral trait

True or False?

Because of the viscosity of water compared to air, most aquatic vertebrates cannot use tidal ventilation.

True

True or False?

Loss of limbs is a derived characteristic in some amphibians.

True

Caecillians

What does heterodont teeth mean?

Having multiple shapes of teeth that vary in form and function

What is estivation? What organism from the class exhibits this behvior?

Prolonged dormancy in time of drought

African Lungfish

True or False?

Mineralized tissues made from hydroxyapetite represents a major evolutionary advance in vertebrates.

True

What is the difference in concentration of solutes between the external environment and the bodily environment in isosmolar organisms?

no difference in solutes between bodily environment and external environment

What is hyposmolar? What is an organism that exhibits this behavior?

Hyposmolar organisms have a lower concentration of solutes within their body compared to the external environment

marine teleosts

What is hyperosmolar? What is an organism that exhibits this behavior?

Hyperosmolar organisms have a higher solute concentration within the bodily environment compared to the external environment

Sharks and other cartilaginous fish

What structure allows the vertebral column to transfer the weight of the body to the limbs of tetrapods?

zygapophyses - bony projections of the vertebral column