Final exam

What is the brain stem made up

diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

What is the medulla oblongata function

relays sensory information to thalamus and to other protions of the brainstem (vital functions= damage to med oblongata= instant death

regulate visceral functions (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system activites

What does the medulla oblongata contain

Reflex centers: Cardiovascular centers: control blood flow through peripheral tissue

Respiratory rhythmicity centers: basic pace for respiratory movements

Reticular Formation: gray+white matter w/ embedded basal nuclei extends to diencephalon and regulates autonomic functions (defined by pons )

What is the pons function

transmit signals between your forebrain and cerebellum. (bridge)

what does the pons contain?

sensory and motor nuclei : involved in coordination+ fine tuning of respir

Apneustic and Pneumotaxis (limits inspiration)

What is the midbrain function?

processes visual and auditory data

gen reflexive somatic motor

maintain consciousness

What does the midbrain contain?

Tectum, red nucleus, substantia nigra, corpora quadrigemna

What does the tectum contain

Superior and Inferior colliculi

What are the superior and inferior colliculi?

visual and auditory

What does the substantia nigra

regulates basal nuclei

sensory nuclei+sensory nuclei=

corpora quadrigmena

What is the cerebellum function?

coordinating movement and balance

What does the cerebellum contain?

Cerebellar cortex: gray matter of highly convoluted (or folded) surface

arbor vitae: “tree of life” connects both of these

Cerebral peduncles:

What is ataxia?

disturbance in muscular coordination (ex: trauma+alcohol+stroke)

What is the diencephalon function

integrates sensory information w/ motor commands

What does the diencephalon contain?

epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

What does the thalamus do?

processes+ relay sensory info

What does the hypothalamus do?

emotion+hormones

What does the hypothalamus contain?

mammillary body, infundibulum, tuber cinereum

What does the mammillary body do?

control feeding reflexes eating movements

What does the infundibulum do?

connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland

What does the tuber cinereum do

between infundibulum and mammillary bodies

• produces hormones that affect pituitary gland

What is the limbic system

“emotional brain:

• contains hypothalamus+thalamus+hippocampus

• facilitates memory formation and storage and retieval hippocampus

What is the cerebrum function

controls all conscious thoughts and intellectual functions

• somatic+ motor sensory

What does the basal nuclei contain?

masses of gray matter

• embedded in white matter of cerebrum

What does the basal nuclei function

subconcious control of skeletal muscle tone

coordination of learned movement patterns

How does Parkinson’s disease happen?

basal nuclei is increased

What does the association fibers do?

within one hemisphere

What doe sthe arcuate fibers do?

between gyri

What does the commissures do?

interconnect+permit communication between cerebral hemisphere

What does the frontal lobe do?

voluntary movement, expressive language, and executive functions.

What does the frontal lobe contain?

primary motor cortex: voluntary control of skeletal muscle

premotor cortex: planning+ organizing+ movements of action

What does parietal lobe function

processes sensory information, including touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain.

What does the parietal lobe contain

primary somatosensory cortex:concious perception of touch, pain, pressure

somatosensory association cortex:monitors prim soma cor

What does the temporal lobe function

auditory cortex: receives hearing

olfactory cortex: smell

What is the occipital lobe function?

visuospatial processing, distance and depth perception, color determination, object and face recognition, and memory formation.

what is the occipital lobe contain?

visual cortex: receives visual information

vis association cortex: interprets vis information

What is the Wernicke’s area?

Language comprehension

• receives info from sensory association areas

• coordinates access to visual+auditory

What is the Broca’s Area?

speech production

• reg patterns of breathing and vocalization

Where are both Brocas and Wernickes Areas

in left cerebellar hemisphere

What are the general senses?

pain

touch (crude v. fine)

pressure

vibration

propieception(body position

What are the special senses?(req sensory receptors)

olfraction (smell)

gustation(taste)

sight

equilibrium ( balance

hearing

What are the general sensory pathways?

Nocicreceptors

thermoreceptors

mechanoreceptors

chemorecptors

What is the nocicreceptors function?

pain

• fast and slow pain

what is thermoreceptors function

temperature change

• common in dermis skeletal muscles, liver, hypothalamus

What is the mechanoreceptors

mechanically gated channels

• physical distortion

• touch

• pressure

What is the chemoreceptors function

chemical concentration change such as pH or level of O2

where are the chemoreceptors found

medulla oblongata

carotid bodies

aortic bodies

What is the transduction

conversion of stim—> action potential—>sensory receptor

What is the baroreceptors

detects pressure change in blood vessels and in digestive respiratory + UT

What is the proprioceptors function

monitor joins and skeletal muscles

What is the lamellar corpuscles (pacinan corpuscles) ?

sensitive to deep pressures

• fast adapting receptors

What is the tactile corpuscle( meisnner corpuscles)

sensations of fine touch, pressure, and low frequency

• adapt to stimulation within 1 second

• in eyelids, fingertips,nipples

Where in the body are baroreceptors found in the body?

in the cartid sinus+ aortic sinus

• lung

• digestive tract

• colon

• bladder wall

What is the somatic sensory pathways function?

carry sensory information in skin and muscle head neck and limbs to CNS

What are the 3 major somatic sensory pathways?

spinothalamic pathway= phantom limb

posterior column pathway

spinocerebellar pathway (no conciousness)

What is the first order neuron

sensory neurons that delivers sensation to the CNS

What is the second neuron

interneuron in spinal cord or brainstem that receives info from first order neuron

• decusses to CNS

What is the third neuron?

interneuron w/ cell body in thalamus must receive info fom second order neuron

• carry signal to an area of the cerebrum

What is the spinothalamic pathway

carries sensations of crude touch, pressure, pain and temperature

Processes of first order neuron

1st order neurons—> spinal cord—> synapse w/ posterior horns

What is the process of second order neuron

3nd decussation to spinal cord before ascending

What is the process of third order neuron

ventral nuclei of thalamus

• sorting processing sensation sent to primary somatosensory cortex

What is the spinothalamic pathway

crude touch+ pressure

What does the lateral spinothalamic tract do?

pain+temperature

what are the results of abnormality in spinothalamic pathway

painful sensations perceive to originate in areas different from where they are produce

How does Phantom Limb syndrome work

the area primary somatosensory cortex keeps on being stimulated leading to sense of pain

What is the posterior column pathway?

carries sensations of fine touch, vibration, pressure

what is the spinpthalamic

processing in thalamus

• determines how a sensation is perceived

• primary somatosensory cortex

What do the posterior spinocerebellar tracts do?

• do not cross to opposite side of spinal cord

• travel through inferior cerebellar peduncle

What do anterior spinocerebellar tracts do?

sensation reach cerbellar cortex via superior cerebllar peduncle

• axon in spinal cord

• axon in cerebellum

what is the somatic nervous system

controls contractions of skeletal muscles

What do the somatic motor (descending) pathways req

involve 2 motor neurons

• contain upper motor neurons

• lower motor neuron

What is the upper motor neuron do

facilitate or inhibit lower motor neuron

What does lower motor neuron

innervate a single motor unit

What does the corticospinal pathway do?

“pyramidal system”

• responsible for voluntary movement

what is motor homunculus

map of densuty of motor input that descend from the cortex from different parts of the body

What are the visceral motor neurons?

preganglionic neurons: brainstem and spinal cord

postganglionic fibers: axons of preganglionic neuron

Autonomic ganglia: visceral innervate effectors

What aare the synapses of the ganglionic neurons ?

sympatheitc

adrenal (not cov)

collateral gland

what is epinephrine?

adrenaline

what are the special senses?

olfaction

gustation

vision

equilibrium

hearing

What is the order smell goes? origin→ to end

olfactory epithelium

olfactory foramiana

olfactory bulbs (back of brain)

What is the vision order of processing?

retina

optic canals

diencephalon via optic chiasm

What are rods of the eye

no discrimination of colors

what are cones of the eye

provide color vision via forvea centralis

What is the vestibucochlear nerve?

special sensory

What is the vestibular nerve?

balance and equilibrium

What are the auditory ossicles

malleus

incus

stapeus

What are the structures of the internal ear?

winding passageway

What are the bony labyrinth of the internal ear.

vestibule

semicircular canals

cochlea

What is the vestibule

receptors detect gravity and line acceraltion

What is the semicircular canals?

receptor stimulated by rotation of head

What is the cochlea

receptors provide sense of heating

What is the process of hearing

1. sound→mechanical movements by vibration tymphanic membrane

2. auditory ossicles conduct vibration internal

3. vibration-→ pressure waves fluid

4. detected by hair cells in cochlear duct

5. info→ auditory cortex of brain