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Location of Rio
Rio is on Brazil's Atlantic coast, 23 degrees south and 43 degrees west.
Importance of Rio
- It is a major financial, industrial, regional, national and international centre for companies and industries.
- It hosted the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympic Games.
Causes of Rio's growth
- It was settled by Portuguese, then migrants from other countries in South America and South Korean and Chinese entrepreneurs settled.
- It was developed as a major port to fight of invaders.
- The coffee boom after 1769 brought great wealth to the city.
North Zone
It is Rio's main industrial and port area, it holds the Tijuca National Park, Rio's International Airport and Maracana soccer stadium. It is an area of low quality housing.
South Zone
It is a very wealthy area overlooked by Rochina, the largest favela in South America. It holds Copacabana beach, Ipanema Beach and tourist hotels.
West Zone
It holds Barra de Tijuca, an area that has been changed from a poor to a wealthy area with recreational facilities, the industrial area of Campo Grande and the Olympic stadium of 2016.
Centro
It is the oldest part of Rio, in which the CBD, main shopping area and the financial headquarters of oil/mining companies are located.
Infant mortality rate in Rio
19 per 1000
Percentage of pregnant females getting medical care in Rio
74%
Average life expectancy in Rio
63
The Zone of the Cidada de Deus district
West Zone
Infant mortality rate in Cidada de Deus
21 per 1000
Percentage of pregnant females getting medical care in Cidada de Deus
60%
Average life expectancy in Cidada de Deus
45
The Zone of the Barra de Tijuca district
South
Infant mortality rate in Barra de Tijuca
6 per 1000
Percentage of pregnant females getting medical care in Barra de Tijuca
100%
Average life expectancy in Barrade Tijuca
80
Healthcare solutions
The Santa Marta favela is 13km from the nearest hospital, so medical staff took health kits into people's homes to diagnose and treat diseases. This increased the life expectancy and decreased the infant mortality rate.
Challenges of access to education
There is a shortage of local schools and school staff, low pay for teachers, poor teacher training and lack of money and employment.
Solutions of access to education
Art centres for young people in Maré and a private university in Rochina have been opened. Local volunteering is being encouraged. Poor families are granted some money to keep their children in school.
Challenges of access to water supply
37% of water had been lost through leaky pipes and fraud. 12% of people remained in water insecurity.
Solutions of access to water supply
7 treatment plants were built before 2014. Over 300km of pipes were laid, and water supply to the Olympic Park in the West Zone was improved. The Favela de Bairro project improved water pipes.
Challenges due to crime
Robbery and violent crime was major. The strongest gang in Rio, Red Command gang, was getting stronger. There had been incidents of drug trafficking in Complexo do Alemao.
Solutions to crime
Pacification in 2008 restored some territories run by gangs such as Santa Maria, but not all. Experienced locals could become a police officer to reduce crime rates. The police have taken control of Complexo do Alemao and 30 smaller favelas. The Pacifying Police Unit (PPU) patrol the favelas.
Challenges of unemployment
The recession in 2015 decreased employment. Over 20% of people in favelas are unemployed, and most people work in the informal economy to earn under £60 a month. Complexo do Alemao (North) has an estimated 37% unemployment while Barra de Tijuca (South) has only 2%.
Solutions to unemployment
Free childcare has been made available for teenage parents to enable them to finish their education. Schooling in Rochina has improved and the 'Schools of Tomorrow' programme is aimed to improve education in favelas.
Challenges of waste disposal
Access is difficult for waste collection lorries due to poor roads and infrastructure. The waste then pollutes the water system, creating a breeding ground for bacteria and rats to cause cholera.
Solutions to waste disposal
A power plant for biofuel has been built, consuming 30 tonnes of rubbish a day and produces electricity for 1000 homes.
Challenges of water pollution
There are no proper recycling facilities of waste and fuel, so Guanabara Bay is highly polluted. 200 tonnes of sewage disposed there, which endangers animals. As a result, commercial fishing has declined by 40%.
Solutions to water pollution
Overseas aid has helped to reduce sewage disposal at Guanabara Bay. 12 new sewage works and 5 km of new sewage pipes have been installed. Ships are now being monitored for illegal waste disposal into the bay.
Challenges of traffic congestion
Mountains are steep so roads are only on coastal lowland, causing congested traffic. Car use has also increased by 40%.
Solutions to traffic congestion
The Rio-Niterói Bridge crosses Guanabara Bay and connects Rio de Janeiro and Niterói. The bottom-up development of a public bicycle sharing system, 'Bike Rio 2011', has been set up to encourage public transport. The metro system has also been expanded.
Challenges of construction in squatter settlements
Houses are poorly and illegally built from scraps. Shanty towns are built on steep positions, vulnerable to natural hazards because they have no choice.
Challenges of services in squatter settlements
12% of homes in favelas have no running water, 30% have no electricity and 50% have no sewage connections. Sewers are open, and often people resort to illegal connections to electricity plyons and tapping into a city water main for drinking water.
Challenges of unemployment in squatter settlements
Unemployment is up to 20%. Jobs have low wages and tend to be from the informal sector.
Infant mortality rate in squatter settlements
Up to 50 per 1000.
Improvements to Rochina
New and better amenities and recreational facilities. 90% of houses are built with brick, have electricity, water and sewage connections.
What is the Favela Bairro Project?
It is a site and service scheme, where land (site) and services are provided by local authority for residents to build homes.
Successes of the Favela Bairro Project in Complexo do Alemao
There has been improved infrastructure such as paved roads and improved sanitation due to better access to water supply and better drainage system. Hillsides have better protection against landslides and have a new cable car system. There are new recreational facilities. Pacification reduced crime rates.
Problems with the Favela Bairro Project
Literacy and unemployment rates are still low, so more training is required. The US$1 billion budget does not cover all favelas. The infrastructure is not being maintained well and residents lack the skills and resources to repair it. Rents have become higher.
The damage of the Olympics on the favelas
Some favelas have been removed for space for the Olympic Games; 1000 people lost their homes. They were moved to 800 new houses in Campo Grande, which lacks a sense of community and recreational activities .
The benefit of the Olympics on the favelas
The conditions of the new housing in Campo Grande is better than that in favelas. Some favelas near the Olympic Park are being redeveloped and many people have found employment in the construction of Olympic facilities.
