APES Human Population Chapter 8 Test

MCQ for APES on Human Population

Stages of Demographic Transition

The demographic transition model describes the shift from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as countries industrialize, typically passing through four or five distinct stages

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population size an environment can sustain

Age Structure Diagrams

graphical tool in environmental science that displays the distribution of various age groups ( pre-reproductive, reproductive, and post-reproduction )

Generalists

High adaptability to varying environments, broad niches, and wide-ranging diets (likely to survive on islands)

Specialists

Low adaptability to varying environments plus is only efficient in their original environment, narrow niches, and relying on limited specific food (unlikely to survive on islands)

R-Strategist

maximize growth rates in unstable environments by producing many, small offspring with little parental care. (For example mice and insects)

K-Strategist

thrive in stable environments, producing fewer, larger offspring with high parental investment to exist near carrying capacity (For example humans and elephants)

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of children a woman has in her lifetime

Rule of 70

A formula to estimate how long it takes a population to double ( Formula is 70/annual growth rate percentage)

Density-Dependent Factor

regulate populations based on size, typically acting as negative feedback as density increases ( For example disease, predation, and stress overcrowding)

Density-Independent Factor

affect populations regardless of their density/whether they are small or large

Survivor Curves 1, 2, and 3

Graphs the proportion of individuals surviving at each age for a given species

Type 1 : High survival in early/middle life, with rapid mortality in old age (e.g., humans, large mammals)

Type 2 : Constant mortality rate throughout life (e.g., birds, rodents).

Type 3 : Very high early mortality, followed by high survival for the few that reach adulthood (e.g., fish, trees, invertebrates).