Lecture 2 | Neuroanatomy | Silk

what is the somatic system in charge of?

voluntary muscles

what is the autonomic system in charge of?

organs and glands

-sympathetic division & parasympathetic division

what is typical of sympathetic division?

dominates during time of stress

fast heart rate, elevated blood pressure, adrenaline, increased blood flow to skeletal muscles

what is typical of the parasympathetic division?

dominates when energy needs to be conserved and stored

increased salivation, digestion, slows heart rate and decreased respiration

what are the layers of the meninges?

outer: Dura mater < arachnoid mater < pia mater

what is important about the BBB when it comes to pharmacological implications?

need lipophilic small molecules

t/f all areas of the brain are supplied by the same arteries

false

different areas of the brain are supplied by different arteries

Structure of the neuron

what are the amino acid neurotransmitter?

GABA, glutamate, glycine

what are the monoamine neurotransmitter?

dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin

what are the neuropeptide neurotransmitter?

substance P, endorphins

what does UP, DOWN, and AROUND

UP: sensory neurons

DOWN: motor neurons

AROUND: interneurons

what do sensory neurons do?

convert physical stimuli into electrical signals

what do motor neurons do?

direct biobehavioral response appropriate for the situation

what do interneurons do?

form interacting neural circuits

responsible for conscious sensations, recognition, memory, decision-making, cognition

what makes up the brainstem?

Midbrain

Pons: relay of signals, involvement in sleep and respiration

Medulla Oblongata: regulation of cardiovascular and respiratory systems, reflex centers

what is the reticular formation?

modulates consciousness

what is substantia nigra

key in dopamine synthesis

what is the cerebellum?

the back brain

receives input from proprioceptive pathways and the motor cortex

important in balance, coordinationof limb position and movment

what is the thalamus responsible for?

major relay center for sensory and motor signals

what is the hypothalamus responsible for?

key regulator of autonomic and endocrine functions such as temperature, hunger, thirst, and circadian rhythms

what is the epithalamus (pineal gland) responsible for?

secretes melatonin

what is the role of basal ganglia?

regulation of voluntary movement, habit formation, and reward pathways

what are the major structures in the limbic system?

hippocampus

amygdala

cingulate cortex

septal nuclei

what are the functions of the limbic system?

emotion, memory, motivation and olfaction, also the reward pathways

what are the lobes of the cortex?

Frontal

Parietal

Temporal

Occipital

Insular

what are the cholinergic system pathways?

Nucleus Basalis of Meynert → cortex

helps in cognition and memory; relevant to alzheimers

what are the dopaminergic systems?

nigrostriatal : relevant to movement control

mesolimbic/mesocortical: relevant to reward, cognition

tuberoinfundibular : relevant to pituitary hormone regulation

what are the noradrenergic pathways?

Locus Coeruleus → widespread cortical projections

relevant to vigilance and arousal

what are serotonergic pathways?

Raphe Nuclei in the brainstem

relevant to depression, migraines, hallucinogens

What are GABAergic pathways?

major inhibitory neurotransmitter

what are Glutamatergic pathways?

major excitatory neurotransmitter

target of NMDA antagonists