quiz 1 Nutrition (chp 1 and 2)

what are nutrients

the life sustaining substances found in food

needed for growth, repair, maintance of body cells

what is nutrition

the scientific study of nutrients and how the body uses it

what is a diet

persons usual patterns of food choice

to eat well people, need to learn the value of food and effects of diet on health

Americans consume amounts that are…

above recommendations for added fats, oils, added sugars/sweeteners grains

below recommendations for vegetables, fruits, dairy

make these food choices for cost, convinces, hunger, cultural, appetite

why is it a concern for Americans diet

concerned cause poor diet are associated with chronic diseases- type 2 diabetes, obesity

what are the macro nutrients

carbs, lipids, protein

what are the micronutrients

vitamins, minerals, water

what is the percentage of total body weight being water

50-70%

women have less water and protein and more fats (increase fat content you decrease the water content)

what does the cells use nutrients for

to carry out metabolic activities

what is metabolism

the total of chemical process that occur in a living cell

ex- carbs are a major source of energy, vitamins help immune function, minerals help fluid balance, proteins help growth/development, lipids help absorb fat soluble vitamins

what is the major function of Carbs

major source of energy, maintenance of normal blood glucose levels, elimination of solid waste from gastrointestinal tract (fiber)

what is the major function of lipids

major source of energy, cellular development , regulation of body processes (hormones)

what is the major function of proteins

production of structural components (muscles), cellular development, transportation of substances.

what is the major function of vitamins

immune function, production and maintenance of cells, protection against agents that can damage cellular components

what is a major function of minerals

formation of certain chemical messengers, cellular development

what is the major function of water

maintenance of fluid balance, regulation of body temperature, and elimination of waste

elements of all 6 nutrients

carbs- CHO

lipids- CHO (np in some)

proteins- CHON (s in some)

vitamins- CHO (NPCO in some)

minerals- sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, chromium, iron

water- HO

the body is made 98% of what 5 elements

CHON Ca

what are organic nutrients

carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins

what are inorganic nutrients

minerals, water

what is an essential nutrient

must be supplied by food because the body does not synthesize it or make enough to meet its need

ex. water

what is a deficiency disease

a state of health characterized by certain abnormal physiological changes that occur when the body lacks a nutrient

Signs - the physical changes associated with a disease state that are observable or measurable

Symptoms - subjective complaints of ill health that are difficult to observe and measure

To be considered an essential nutrient:

A deficiency disease results if the nutrient is missing

When added back to the diet, the abnormal physiological changes are corrected

There is an explanation about why the abnormalities occurred when the substance was missing, once the nutrient’s role is scientifically identified

Macronutrients

nutrients that body needs a large amount of

example of macronutrients

Carbohydrates • Fats • Proteins

micronutrients

nutrients that the body needs in very small amounts

example of micronutrients

Vitamins • Minerals

phytochemicals

substances in plants that are not nutrients but may have health benefits Examples include caffeine and beta-carotene

Not all phytochemicals have beneficial effects:

• Nicotine • Ricin • Oxalic acid

calorie

is the amount of heat (a form of energy) needed to raise the temperature of 1 g (1 mL) of water 1°C

It is a very small unit of measurement

Food energy is reported in 1000-calorie units, called kilocalories or Calories

kilocalorie (kcal)

A kilocalorie (kcal) or Calorie is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000 g (1 L) of water 1°C

To calculate the number of kcal in a diet, find the amounts (in g) of macronutrients and alcohol in the food and beverages being consumed, then use these known values

1 g of carbohydrates has 4 kcal

1 g of protein has 4 kcal

1 g of fat has 9 kcal

1 g of alcohol has 7 kcal

Chronic Diseases

are long-term conditions that usually take many years to develop and have complex causes

• Heart disease • Diabetes • Cancer

risk factors

personal attributes, characteristics, or exposures that increase a person’s chances of developing a chronic disease

• Genetic background

• Family history

• Unsafe environmental conditions

• Psychological factors

• Lack of access to health care

• Advanced age

• Unhealthy lifestyle

what is a lifestyle

a routine way of living

usual dietary practices and exercise habits

can reduce their chances of developing chronic disease or delay their occurrence

Biological and Physiological Factors

Age

Ability to perceive external sensory information • Taste • Smell • Texture Internal sensations • Hunger • Thirst

Cognitive and Psychological Factors

Past experiences

• Cultural practices

• Religious teachings

• Learned information, including sustainability concerns

Stress level

• Mood: Food affects mood, and vice versa

• Positive/negative associations with food experiences

Environmental Factors

Food cost

• Proximity of one’s home to food store, fast-food restaurants, etc.

• Availability of food

• Relationships

• Government policies

• Food distribution and marketing

Concept 1 - most foods are mixture of nutrients

water is the major nutrient in most foods

foods usually have some nutritional value (some healthier than others)

Nutrient-Dense Foods

food supplies more key beneficial nutrients in relation to total calories per serving,

for example: • Vegetables • Fruits • Lean meats • Whole-grain cereals

Energy Density

refers to the amount of energy a food provides per given weight of the food • Foods high in fat are more energy-dense because fat supplies the most energy per gram

• Watery and high-fiber foods, such as fruits and vegetables, have low energy densities

Empty Calories

Unhealthy solid fats and added sugars (SoFAS), and alcohol,

Examples include: • Candy • Snack chips • Alcoholic or sugar-sweetened drinks

concept 2

Variety - a diet that contains foods from each food group

• Moderation - eating reasonable amounts of each food

• Balance – a balanced diet contains a variety of nutrient dense foods and limits empty calories

concept 3- whole and minimally process foods are the best sources of nutrients

Reliable • Economical • Contain phytochemicals

dietary supplement

is a product that contains a vitamin, mineral, herb or other plant product, an amino acid, or a dietary substance that supplements the diet by increasing total intake Scientific research indicates:

• Some dietary supplements can have beneficial effects on health

• Many popular dietary supplements are not helpful and may even be harmfu

do dietary supplements go undergo rigorous testing of safety and effectiveness?

NO due to the FDA

physiological dose

the amount of a nutrient that is within the range of safe intake and enables the body to function optimally

megadose

is an amount of a vitamin or mineral that greatly exceeds the recommended amount of the nutrient

functional foods

are manufactured to boost nutrient intake or help manage specific health problems

• They contain nutrient and/or phytochemical ingredients that may provide health benefits

• Medical nutrition therapies are nutritionally modified (“special”) diets for people who have chronic health conditions

malnutrition

a state of health that occurs when the body is improperly nourished • Undernutrition • Overnutrition

Anecdotes

personal reports concerning the effectiveness of a treatment

experiment

is a systematic way of testing a hypothesis to determine its validity

scientific method

generate questions based on observations then formulate a hypothesis based on the it

theory

scientific notion with overwhelming evidence supporting it, but which could potentially be disproved in the future through newly acquired evidence

treatment group

in a controlled study is a group that receives a treatment

control group

in a controlled study is a group that does not receive a treatment

variable

is a factor that can change and influence a study’s outcome

In vivo

describes experiments that use living animals

in vitro

describes experiments on cells or other components derived from living organisms

test tube studies

invitro study that allow the study of specific nutrients on a specific cell type in a controlled environment

inexpensive and fast/well controlled

confounding variable

are factors that are not being studied but may influence the outcome of the study

animal studies

in vitro effects of a nutrient may not be the sane in a living organism and further IN VIVO studies are needed to test this

in vivo experiments are often conducted on animal models…

mice and rats

why does studies on animals model differ than studies on humans

have many limitations due to the many dietary, metabolic and physiological differences between humans and other animals

• This makes translation of the outcomes of animal studies to humans difficult and inaccurate

• But results can help guide human research

epidemiological studies

to gain more information about these differences, including the influence of diet on health

are needed due to the different human population have different rate of chronic disease

epidemiology

study of the occurrence, distribution, and factors that may contribute to health problems in populations

what do epidemiologist use

physical examination to obtain health data

surveys to collect info from individuals under study

data can help design follow up experimental studies

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

uses interviews and physical examinations to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States

• Researchers use NHANES findings to determine the prevalence of major diseases and risk factors for diseases

• Medical experts use the NHANES to establish national standards for assessing height, weight, and blood pressure

case control study (EPI)

individuals with a health condition (cases) are matched to people with similar characteristics who do not have the condition (controls), and their health and lifestyle information is compared in search of possible factors that may be associated with the disease

cohort study (EPI)

- researchers collect and analyze various kinds of information about a large group of people over time, and search for associations between a specific factor and the development of a disease

retrospective COHORT STUDY

researchers collect information about a group’s past exposures and identify current health outcomes

prospective COHORT STUDY

a group of initially healthy people is followed over a time period and any diseases that eventually develop are recorded; scientists then try to identify links between exposures and the diseases that occurred in the study period

epidemiological study CANNOT ESTABLISH

causation

the cause-and-effect relationship could be a coincidence

what is the best way to determine which dietary factors contriubute to different health outcomes

experimental studies on human

Randomized control trial

a study in which human subjects that meet certain criteria are randomly divided into treatment (experimental) and control groups

• Helps ensure groups have similar variables, such as age, gender, health status, etc.

• Only the treatment group receives the intervention being investigated, and their health outcomes are compared to those of the control group

limitation of RCTS

study is limited to people meeting certain criteria the results CANNOT be generalized to the public

people differ in many factors that influence their response to dietary changes thus the health outcome in the study may not be produced in other people

what is the gold standard of nutrition reserach

RCTS

Pragmatic trial

a clinical trial that measures the relative effectiveness of treatments in real-world conditions

limitations of pragmatic trials

Observed outcomes are still only applicable to the types of people involved in the study

• Just as in RCTs, the many differences among people cause them to respond differently to dietary changes

what is the only way to know if a nutritional intervention works for a particular person

self-experimentation

why does media coverage is not necessarily an indication of the value and quality of the research

If the information is simplistic and sensational, it is likely to be reported by the popular media

• These reports generally leave out important details about the study

can the FDA regulate nutrition and health related claims on product labels but cannot prevent the spread of health and nutrition misinformation in the media?

true

what to ask yourself when evaluating sources

What motivates the authors, promoters, or sponsors that provide the information?

• Who is the source?

• What is the source?

red flags

1.Promises of quick and easy remedies

2. Claims that sound too good to be true

3. Scare tactics

4. Attacks on conventional scientists and nutrition experts

5. Testimonials (personal endorsements of a product)

6. Promotion of benefits while overlooking risks

7. Vague, meaningless, or scientific-sounding terms

8. Vague sources

9. Pseudoscience (the presentation of misleading or false information as factual and scientific)

10. Disclaimers