Introduction to Radiographic Positioning and Anatomy for Radiography Students

What is the primary focus of anatomy?

The structure of the human body.

What does physiology study?

The function of the body and how it works.

What are the levels of structural organization in the body?

Chemical level, Atoms, Molecules, Cells.

What is the basic structural and functional unit of the body?

Cells.

What are the four types of tissues in the body?

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous.

What defines an organ?

Specific tissues joined together for a particular function.

What is a body system?

A group or association of organs that have similar functions.

How many individual body systems are there?

10 individual body systems.

What is the total organism made up of?

The 10 systems of the body functioning together.

What are the 10 body systems?

Skeletal, Circulatory, Digestive, Respiratory, Urinary, Reproductive, Nervous, Muscular, Endocrine, Integumentary.

What is osteology?

The study of bones.

What is arthrology?

The study of joints.

What comprises the axial skeleton?

Bones that lie on or near the central axis of the body, consisting of 80 bones.

What comprises the appendicular skeleton?

Upper and lower extremities, shoulders, and pelvis, consisting of 126 bones.

How are bones classified by shape?

Long bones, Short bones, Flat bones, Irregular bones.

What is ossification?

The process by which bones form in the body.

When does ossification begin?

Around the 6th embryonic week and continues until adulthood.

What are the two kinds of bone formation?

Intramembranous and Endochondral ossification.

What is the primary center in endochondral ossification?

The mid-body area referred to as the diaphysis.

What are secondary centers in endochondral ossification?

They appear near the ends of long bones and are referred to as epiphyses.

What are epiphyseal plates?

Found between the diaphysis and the epiphysis.

At what age does full maturation of bone fusion typically occur?

About 25 years old.

What is the metaphysis in long bones?

The area adjacent to the epiphyseal plates where bone growth in length occurs.

What is the study of joints called?

Arthrology.

What are the three functional classifications of joints?

1. Synarthrosis - immovable, 2. Amphiarthrosis - limited movement, 3. Diarthrosis - freely movable.

What are the three structural classifications of joints?

Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial

What is the most important responsibility of a healthcare provider during patient care?

To ensure the patient is safe and comfortable.

Why is it important to know normal vital signs for patients?

Normal vital signs vary based on age and are crucial for assessing patient health.

What should be confirmed during the first meeting with a patient?

Correct patient identification (Name, DOB) and assessment of the patient's physical and mental condition.

What is a key aspect of explaining procedures to patients?

Ensure that the patient understands what they need to do.

What is the single most important factor in preventing the transfer of pathogens?

Hand washing.

What is the definition of body habitus in radiography?

Body habitus refers to different body shapes that affect the positioning of organs.

What are the four basic body types in body habitus?

Hypersthenic, Sthenic, Hyposthenic, Asthenic

What is the anatomic position?

The body is erect with feet facing forward, arms extended, and palms turned out.

What are the seven body planes relevant to anatomy?

1. Sagittal plane, 2. Midsagittal plane, 3. Coronal plane, 4. Midcoronal plane, 5. Transverse plane, 6. Longitudinal plane, 7. Oblique plane.

What does the term 'anterior' refer to in directional terminology?

The front of the body.

What does the term 'posterior' refer to in directional terminology?

The back of the body.

What does 'inferior' or 'caudad' mean in directional terminology?

away from the head and towards the feet

What is the role of patient history in radiography?

It provides valuable information for both the radiographer and the radiologist.

What is the significance of patient cooperation in radiography?

It is essential for obtaining accurate images.

What should radiographers do if they are unsure about terminology?

They should speak up and ask for clarification.

What is the purpose of standard precautions in patient care?

To protect both the patient and the healthcare provider from infectious diseases.

What is the importance of adjusting protocols based on patient condition?

It ensures the safety and effectiveness of the procedure.

What is the technique in radiography?

The amount of x-ray (radiation) exposure given to the patient, typically measured in kVp and mAs.

What does 'posterior' refer to in anatomical terms?

The back of the body.

What is the meaning of 'superior' or 'cranial'?

above or closer to head

What does 'superior' or 'cephalic' indicate?

An area above a part.

Define 'lateral' in anatomical context.

Away from the midline.

What does 'medial' mean?

Toward the midline.

What is the meaning of 'distal'?

The part away from the origin of the part.

What does 'proximal' refer to?

The part closest to the origin.

What is the 'dorsum'?

The top of the foot or back.

What does 'plantar' refer to?

The posterior portion of the foot (sole).

What is 'palmer'?

The palm of the hand.

What does 'erect' describe in body positioning?

Upright, standing or sitting position.

Define 'recumbent'.

Any reclining position.

What does 'prone' mean?

Lying face down.

What is the definition of 'supine'?

Lying on the back face up

What is 'dorsal recumbent'?

medical position where a patient lies on their back with their knees bent and feet flat on a surface

What does 'ventral recumbent' refer to?

Same as prone.

What is 'right lateral recumbent'?

Lying on the right side.

What is 'left lateral recumbent'?

Lying on the left side.

Describe the 'Trendelenberg' position.

Lying supine with feet higher than the head.

What does 'Fowler's' position mean?

Lying supine with head higher than feet.

What is the 'Sims' position?

Lying on the left side in a recumbent oblique position, right leg bent and in front of left.

What does 'projection' refer to in radiography?

The path of the central ray (x-ray beam) indicating entrance and exit points.

What is meant by 'view' in radiographic terms?

The visualization from the image receptor's perspective.

Define 'oblique' positions in radiography.

Positions where the patient is rotated between a frontal view and a lateral view.

What does 'decubitus' mean in terms of positioning?

Positions where the patient is lying on either side or front or back, with the CR horizontal.

What is an 'axial' projection?

A projection where the CR is angled longitudinally along the long axis of the body part

What is the first priority in exposure criteria for radiology?

No motion is the first priority.

What should be marked on every radiographic image?

Patient ID and right or left markers, preferably on the lateral border.

What are routine projections in radiology?

Projections commonly taken on all average patients who can cooperate fully, determined by the radiologist.

What are special or alternate projections used for?

To better demonstrate a specific body part or pathologic condition, or for patients who may not cooperate fully.

What is the minimum number of views recommended in radiology?

A minimum of two views should be taken as near to 90 degrees from each other.

What are some exceptions to the two-view rule in radiology?

Exceptions include abdomen, pelvis, and portable chest.

Why is it important to take more than one view in radiology?

To avoid missing pathology, determine the depth of foreign bodies or bony lesions, and assess fracture alignment.

What is the minimum number of projections needed when imaging joints?

A minimum of three projections are needed.

What is the first step in the organizational routine for successful radiography?

Interpret the requisition, including the name, exam, and location of the patient.

What should be done when preparing the x-ray room?

Clean the room, collect the correct number of imaging receptors, gather necessary equipment, set technique, and place the imaging receptor correctly.

What is the importance of identifying and greeting the patient?

To ensure it is the right patient and exam, gather history, and prepare the patient.

What should be explained to the patient before performing an exam?

What is needed from them during the exam.

What should be done after finishing the exam?

Escort the patient out, process images, assess image quality, and obtain approval from the supervising radiographer.

What is the final step in the organizational routine after completing an exam?

Dismiss the patient, complete paperwork, clean the room, and wash hands.

What should you be aware of regarding positioning guidelines in radiography?

There is more than one way to obtain an image, and different radiographers may use different methods.

Where are technique charts typically located in radiology departments?

Near the consoles of every x-ray room.

What factors may require adjustments to the techniques suggested by technique charts?

Patient size and condition.

What is the function of the cassette in radiology?

To serve as a light-tight film holder that protects the film and houses the intensifying screens.

What is the purpose of intensifying screens in radiology?

To reduce the amount of exposure required by emitting light when exposed to x-ray.

How do the size of crystals and thickness of the phosphor layer affect exposure in radiology?

Larger crystals and thicker layers require less exposure, while smaller crystals and thinner layers produce sharper images but require more exposure.

What are the two types of screens typically found in radiology departments?

Fast screens with larger crystals for routine use, and detail or extremity screens with smaller crystals that require more exposure.

What are detail screens used for in radiography?

Detail screens are used for smaller body parts where fine detail is required, such as hands and feet.

How often should detail screens be cleaned?

The frequency of cleaning detail screens is determined by the participating hospitals.

What is the relationship between radiographic film and intensifying screens?

Radiographic film is manufactured with sensitivity to the light emitted by intensifying screens

What is the advantage of double emulsion film in radiography?

Double emulsion film responds to both screens, decreasing the required exposure by half and allowing no right or wrong side to the film.

What are the standard sizes for single emulsion films used in mammography and ultrasound?

Single emulsion films are typically 7x17 cm, 14x14 cm, and 14x17 cm.

List the standard sizes for radiographic film and cassettes.

Standard sizes include 8x10 cm, 9x9 cm, 10x12 cm, and 11x14 cm.

What are the proper storage conditions for radiographic film?

Film should be stored in a clean, cool, and dry room, protected from radiation exposure.

How should film boxes be organized for storage?

Film boxes should stand on edge with the expiration date visible, and films should be rotated to ensure older film is used first.

What precautions should be taken when handling radiographic film?

Hands should be clean and dry, only corners should be grabbed, and film should not be bent or crimped.