Geology exam 3 minerals igneous sedimentary adn metamorphic

**contact metamorphism**

heat being the main source for creating change in a rock to created a new rock contact with magma speckled non folate no mineral alignment

2 factors the size of the magma intrusion and types of chemical present

Regional metamorphisism

pressure being the main source for creating change in a rock to created a new rock foliations pressure from convergingnjn plates

Dynamic metamorphisism

results from differential pressures most often found near faults contains Mylonites hard dense fine grained rock

**metamorphic precursors**

The type of rock that is a precursor to the metaphorically changed rock like shale id the precursor to slate

Slate

is a foliated metamorphic rock with the finest grains that forms at relatively low temperatures and pressures. shale is its prolith / precurssor typically has 1 cleavage plane

Crusts main minerals

oxygen silicon aluminum iron calcium

sedimentary

rock that forms at or near the surface by cementing together of loose fragments or grains of rock weathered away from previous rock or by chemically cementing pieces of matter together EX sandstone, coal, halite, limestone

detrial

rocks that form from cemented-together solid fragments and grains broken off of pre-existing rocks EX. sandstone

steps for this rock to form (Weathering, Erosion, Transportation, deposition, lithification)

law of superposition

younger rocks are on top of older rocks

Viscocity

a fluids resistance to flow

sedimentary rock is classified by

Clastic/detrial and chemical how the rock is weathered to be created is what causes this. texture and grain size and composition.

the order of rock particles

smallest-largest

clay, silt ,sand (fine, medium, coarse) granules, pebbles, cobbles, boulders

breccia

sharp angular rocks in the composition of sedimentary rocks

conglomerate

rounded smooth particles composed in a sedimentary rock

Foliated

have elongated materials that are clearly aligned in parallel lines or wavy bands similar to miese lines

Non folate

there is no obvious alignment of the minerals very small and few if any lines

metamorphism of limestone

originally created from organic debris of calcium from sea animals it later becomes marble under metamorphism of heat and pressure

Metamorphism of sandstone

originally created by the cementation and compaction od sand when exposed to metamorphic pressure the sedimentary rock minerals become aligned and create quartzite

Classifications of igneous rocks

textures/Grain size and silica content

felsic intermediate mafic and ultramafic

Aphanitic Phaneritic Porphyritic glassy vesicular pyroclastic

Plutonic rock

crystallization of a rock within the earths crust aka intrusive igneous rock

**Aphanitic**

fine grained rapid cooling

**Phaneritic**

coarse grained slow cooling

Porphyritic

2 stage cooling history looks like a chocolate chip cookie with big and small particles

Glassy

rocks made of a solid mass glass or tiny crystals surrounded by glass typically fracture conchoidally

**Pyroclastic**

consist of chunks or shards that are backed welded or cemented together after they have solidified

**Vesicular**

gas cavities formed by expansion of a bubble of gas or steam during solidification of the rock

rock textures occurring in igneous rocks

Vesicular pyroclastic glassy porphyritic

Phaneritic Aphanitic

most common and effective agent for transporting sediment

water flow

**In marine environment the largest sediments are found where?**

close to shore nearest to the currents end

Streams stop carrying bigger particles when the current slows usually in the middle of lakes are small particles

**Sedimentary structures**

stratification, cross bedding, ripple marks, fossil tracks and trails, and mud cracks

stratification

when different agents of deposition deposite different materials at different times on top of eachother creating lines / striations in the terrain

cross bedding

wind and water deposit sediment along sloping surfaces leaving behind marks on a large structure

Ripple marks

like mini sand dunes are produced when water flows over fine sediments they are created in shallow environments can be caused by waves

Mud cracks

when fine grain sediment dries out and shrinks cracking and pulling apart from each other

Types of metamorphisism

regional Dynamic and contact metamorphism pressure and heat

Country rock

rock native to the area the rock that magma intrudes into and forms plutonic rock in and rock that breaks off into magma giving it impurities

bowens reaction

the order of crystal formation as magma cooling occurs

continuous calcium booted out by sodium

discontinuous olivine first formed OPAB

based upon the chemical structure other minerals that are cooling

Continuous and discontinuous branches are

based off of their mineral composition

continuous goes from calcium roch to sodium rich leaving behind many metal minerals

fill in the terms to the photo

A stocks/batholiths

B sill

C dyke

D Laccolith

E pipe

sill

concordant turbular intrusions horizontal pushes crust up sill like window sill

dyke

discordant tabular intrusions vertical stretches crust out

**Laccolith**

blister shaped intrusions

Batholith

a chamber with lots of igneous rock

**coal formation**

when dead plant matter submerged in swamp environments deprived of air (anaerobic) then subjected to years of heat and pressure the longer it is formed the more energy it holds

How can hydrocarbons get trapped in reservoir rock?

(Fault, Salt or stratigraphic traps) when organic matter gets covered with rock and through the years heat and pressure build up to a point where they can break down the organic material into hydro carbons which become trapped underground because of the rock above and around it that created the pressure for the hydrocarbon to be formed

**metamorphic rocks/age of the Earth**

created through metamorphisms of pressure and heat the oldest metamorphic rock is 4 billion years old the earth is 4.6 billion years old

lithostatic pressure

results from the weight of overlying rocks minerals and grains are more closely packed

differential pressure

pressure that results from unequal forces applied to a rock

minerals

These are pieces that cannot be split anymore are the smallest piece we can get that still retains the properties (Naturally occurring, inorganic, distinct chemical composition, crystalline solids, with physical properties)

cleavage

Cleavage forms in directions where the bonds holding atoms are weakest (One plane is like pages in a book 2 planes can be 90 and 60 degrees 3 planes is cube 4 planes is crazy looking)

sulfide

 Galena metal cation bonded with sulfide anion (sulfides),

bacterial break-  consist of both discovered and undiscovered materials that can be currently or potentially extracted.

* Metals, sand, stone, sulfur, salt, and others
* Nonmetals and energy resourcesdown of organic materials and human and animal wastes

sulfate

Gypsum (sulfate) Many sulfates form by precipitation out of water at or near the Earth’s surface

**Resources**

 consist of both discovered and undiscovered materials that can be currently or potentially extracted.

* Metals, sand, stone, sulfur, salt, and others
* Nonmetals and energy resources

Reserves

are the part of the environment base that can

be economically extracted.

placer deposites

a type of mineral deposit in which grains of a valuable mineral like gold or the rare earths are mixed with sand deposited by a river or glacier

Atoms

the smallest particle that still retains the properties of elements. Neutrons protons electrons

protons

Positively charged particles in the nucleus are called

neutrons

Neutrally charged particles

electrons

Negatively charged particles orbit the shell of the atom

isotitopes

have a different number of neutrons basically the same element different font

ionic bonds

transference of electrons between atoms

covalent bonds

not transferred but shared and both use (we share a brain cell) Strong bongs but sheets bonding is weak mineral will always break along a weak sheath line