\-Between 1674-1723 he wrote series of papers describing his observations of bacteria, algae, protozoa, and fungi **(Animalcules)**
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SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
Early belief that some forms of life could arise from “vital forces” present in nonliving or decomposing matter, abiogenesis. In other words, organisms can arise form non-living matter.
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LOUIS JABLOT
In 1670 Jablot conducted an experiment in which he divided a hay infusion that had been boiled into two containers: a heated container that was closed to the air and a heated container that was freely open to the air. Only the open vessel developed microorganisms. This further helped to disprove abiogenesis.
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Schwann, Friedrich Schroder and von Dusch
**Air allowed to enter flask but only after passing through a heated tube or sterile wool.**
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John Tyndall (1820-1893)
Omission of dust à no growth. Demonstrated heat resistant forms of bacteria (endospores)
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**LOUIS PASTEUR (1822 - 1895)**
\-Disproved spontaneous generation of microbes by preventing “dust particles” from reaching the sterile broth.
\-Showed microbes caused fermentation and spoilage.
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**Oliver Holmes (1773 - 1843)**
**showed that sepsis could be transmitted by hands of medical student and may cause disease.**
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**M. J. Berkeley (ca. 1845)**
**demonstrated that the Great Potato Blight of Ireland was caused by a Fungus.**
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**Louis Pasteur (1822 - 1895)**
showed **that the pébrine disease of silkworms was caused by a protozoan parasite.**
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Edward Jenner (ca. 1798)
Develop the first Vaccine and used a vaccination procedure to protect individuals from smallpox.
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**Louis Pasteur**
**developed other vaccines including those for chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies.**
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Robert Koch
His criteria became known as Koch’s Postulates and are still used to establish the link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease..
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Koch’s Postulates
**The causative (etiological) agent must be present in all affected organisms but absent in healthy individuals.**
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Gelatin
N**ot useful as solidifying agent (melts at >28 ºC and some bacteria hydrolyze it with enzymes)**
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Fannie Hesse
the wife of one of Koch’s assistants, proposed using agar.
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Richard Petri
another of Koch’s assistants, developed the Petri dish.
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Vaccination
**Inoculation of healthy individuals with weakened (or attenuated) forms of microorganisms, that would otherwise cause disease, to provide protection, or active immunity from disease upon later exposure.**
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Pasteur and Roux
**they noticed that animals injected with attenuated cultures were resistant to the disease.**
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JOHN TYNDALL (1820 – 1893)
In **1876** discovered that there were two different types of bacteria.
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2 types of bacteria
Heat sensitive & Heat resistant.
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Sterilization Process or Tyndallization
process of heating & cooling if repeated five times, can kill all the endospores.
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FERDINAND COHN
German botanist also discovered “heat-resistant forms of bacteria”. These bacteria are now termed endospores.
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GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
The period from 1860 to 1900. During this period, rapid advances, spear-headed by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch, led to the establishment of microbiology as a science.
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Pasteurization
This process kills bacteria in the alcohol by heat, thus preventing the formation of acetic acid (vinegar).
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LOUIS PASTEUR
stated that diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body and not by sins, bad character, or poverty, etc.
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LOUIS PASTEUR
**“Father of bacteriology and immunology”**
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Joseph Lister
**developed a system of surgery designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds – phenol (Carbolic Acid) sprayed in air around surgical incision.**
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Robert Koch
In 1860 developed an elaborate technique to isolate & identify specific Pathogens that cause specific diseases.
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PAUL EHRLICH
proposed a theory of immunity in which antibodies were responsible for immunity (Antitoxin). In addition, he is known as the father of modern chemotherapy.
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ALEXANDER FLEMING 1929
Discovery of Penicillin (first antibiotic)
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Walter Hesse
Used Agar as a solidifying agent to harden media. Agar is extracted from seaweeds red algae.
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Richard Petri
Used agar dish to provide a large area to grow.
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Christian Gram
Staining method that demonstrate bacteria and distinguish between Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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Raymond Sabouraud
Develop culture media to study yeast and molds.
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Dimitri Ivanovski
Tobacco mosaic virus could pass through filters used to remove bacteria.
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Selman Waksman
Discovered a number of antibiotic such as Tetracycline and Streptomycin.
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Ruska (1938)
First Electron Microscope
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Electron Microscope
is capable of magnifying biological specimens up to one million times.
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WATSON and CRICK, FRANKLIN, and WILKINS
determined the structure of DNA.
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George W. Beadle and Edward L. Tatum
**studied the relationship between genes and enzymes using the bread mold,** ***Neurospora.***
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Salvadore Luria and Max Delbruck
**Demonstrated spontaneous gene mutations in bacteria (not directed by the environment).**
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**Oswald T. Avery, Colin M. MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty (1944)**
they provided evidence that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was the genetic material and carried genetic information during transformation.
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**two types of microorganisms:**
**Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes**
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**Prokaryotes**
**have a relatively simple morphology and lack a true membrane-bound nucleus.**
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Eukaryotes
**are morphologically complex and have a true, membrane-bound nucleus.**
Studied by 7 people
